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Sovereign Loss in Syria & Sudan: Dollarization and Parallel Entities | Media Arabic Booster 11/25
How does the media talk about a state losing control? The Media Arabic Booster November 2025 episode explores the language of “sovereignty” (ุณููุงุฏูุฉ) in crisis, looking at it from two angles: one political, one economic.
First, we see a state’s authority collapsing in Sudan. The brutal civil war has forced Egypt to publicly reject “parallel entities”. We’ll break down an Al-Masry Al-Youm headline to understand this critical diplomatic language.
Media Arabic Booster: 11-25 Show
Second, we see a currency’s authority collapsing in Syria. An article from al-Modon investigates the “undeclared dollarization” (ุฏูููููุฑูุฉู ุบูููุฑู ู ูุนูููููุฉู) that is killing the Syrian lira. We’ll give you the key Arabic words to see how the news reports on both kinds of failure.
Let’s start our Media Arabic lesson.
A close look at a headline
In this edition of Media Arabic Booster, we will begin our analysis with a critical diplomatic phrase used by Egypt to describe the crisis in neighboring Sudan.
Al-Masry Al-Youm: Egypt and Sudan
On November 9, 2025, AlโMasry AlโYoum (ุงูู ุตุฑู ุงูููู ) reported that Egypt reaffirmed support for Sudanโs territorial unity and institutions, rejected parallel entities, and called for an immediate comprehensive ceasefire.
The regime in Cairo is pressing – through bilateral talks and a quadripartite mechanism – for humanitarian pauses, open aid corridors, and international action.
Let’s focus on the headline:
ู ุตุฑ ุชุชู ุณู ุจุฑูุถ ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ูุงุฒูุฉ ูู ุงูุณูุฏุงู
Literal: Egypt insists on rejecting the parallel entities in Sudan.
Natural/idiomatic: Egypt remains firm in rejecting parallel power structures in Sudan.
ยซุนุจุฏุงูุนุงุทูยป: ู ููููุง ุซุงุจุช.. ูุฏุนู ูุญุฏุฉ ุงูุฃุฑุงุถู ูุงุณุชูุฑุงุฑ ุงูู ุคุณุณุงุช | ุฎุจูุฑุฉ ููยซุงูู ุตุฑู ุงูููู ยป: ุงููุงูุฑุฉ ุชูุฏู ููุถุน ุงููุถูุฉ ุถู ู ุงูุฃุฌูุฏุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ
Literal: โAbdelโAty: Our position is fixed.. we support the unity of the lands and the stability of institutions | Expert to AlโMasry AlโYoum: Cairo aims to put the issue on the international agenda.
Natural/idiomatic: โAbdelโAty: Our position is firm – we support Sudanโs territorial unity and institutional stability.| An expert told AlโMasry AlโYoum that Cairo aims to place the issue on the international agenda.
Remark: If you cannot access the article, try this link (archive.org)
War in Sudan: Who’s Backing Who (late-2025)
The conflict in Sudan (ุงูุณูุฏุงู) pits the official Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF – ุงูุฌูุด ุงูุณูุฏุงูู), led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (ุนุจุฏ ุงููุชุงุญ ุงูุจุฑูุงู), against the powerful paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF -ููุงุช ุงูุฏุนู ุงูุณุฑูุน), led by Mohamed “Hemedti” Dagalo (ู ุญู ุฏ ุญู ุฏุงู ุฏููู ุญู ูุฏุชู).
The war began in April 2023, when a power struggle between al-Burhan’s SAF and Hemedti’s RSF erupted into open fighting over control of the military and transition arrangements. In late October-November 2025 (around 26 October 2025), the RSF captured El-Fasher (ุงููุงุดุฑ), the army’s last major hub in Darfur (ุฏุงุฑููุฑ), triggering warnings of mass killings and famine.
Why the RSF Has External Support
The RSF’s control of gold-producing areas and smuggling routes has created lucrative revenue streams.
- Investigations and policy analyses show the UAE (ุงูุฅู ุงุฑุงุช) is a major commercial hub for that gold and has been linked in reporting to political and transactional ties with RSF figures; some reports explicitly accuse UAE-linked actors of providing military/logistical support, though the UAE officially denies arming the militia.
- These ties help the RSF finance and equip itself.
- Separately, reporting links Russian private military networks (like Wagner-style actors) to past assistance and access to mining revenues in RSF-controlled areas.
Why the SAF Has Backers
Egypt (ู ุตุฑ) backs the SAF (ุงูุฌูุด ุงูุณูุฏุงูู) for strategic reasons.
- Sudan’s stability and control over its long southern border are existential security concerns for Cairo.
- Egypt’s military-led government prefers a formal, institutional army over paramilitary rule and views the collapse of state authority in Sudan as a direct national security threat.
Who’s Brokering Peace and Why
Saudi Arabia (ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ) and the United States (ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ุชุญุฏุฉ) are the main external mediators, having led the (currently stalled) diplomatic process known as the Jeddah platform (ู ูุจุฑ ุฌุฏุฉ).
- The US has also used sanctions to target financial and arms networks tied to both warring parties.
- The primary goal for these mediators is to stop mass starvation, restore humanitarian access, and prevent the conflict from spilling over and destabilizing the wider Red Sea region.
- Estimates suggest that by late 2025 the war has displaced more than 12 million people and caused at least 150,000 deaths (from violence, starvation, and disease); all figures remain provisional because access is limited and counting is difficult.
Translation of an article
Letโs look at parts of a longer newspaper article in Arabic. We will translate each sentence carefully. The highlighted words are in the vocabulary list below.
al-Modon: The Dollarization in Syria
On November 7, 2025, the online news platform al-Modon (ุงูู ุฏู) published this long and complex article about the economic crisis in Syria. It investigates how the Syrian government itself is driving “undeclared dollarization” (ุฏูููููุฑูุฉู ุบูููุฑู ู ูุนูููููุฉู) by issuing fines and paying salaries in dollars.
This is a challenging workout, but mastering its high-level vocabulary will pay off for all your future reading, as it explores whether the Syrian lira has lost its “sovereignty” (ุณููุงุฏูุฉ).
Al-Modon (ุงูู ุฏู) is an independent Arabic online newspaper founded in 2012 and based in Beirut, Lebanon. The platform is known for its critical, in-depth analysis of politics and culture across the Levant. Politically, it is generally seen as liberal and secular, with an editorial line that is strongly critical of the Assad regime in Syria and other authoritarian governments.
Remark: If you cannot access the article, try this link (archive.org)
Let’s now take a closer look at the entire article.
Section 1
ูุง ุชูุชูุฌ ุงูุญููู ุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ุฎุทุงู ู ุญุฏุฏุงู ูู ุนู ูุฉ ุงูุชุฏุงูู ุฎูุงู ุชุนุงู ูุงุชูุง ุงูุฑุณู ูุฉ ูุดุจู ุงูุฑุณู ูุฉ. ูุงูุฏููุงุฑ ูุชุบูุจ ุนูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ูู ุชุนุงู ูุงุช ูุซูุฑุฉุ ุจูููุง ุณุฏุงุฏ ุฑูุงุชุจ “ุงูุจูุฑููุฑุงุทูุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ” ูุฌุจุงูุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงูููุงุชูุฑ ูุชุณุนูุฑ ูุณู ู ู ุงูู ุฎุงููุงุช. ุฃู ุง ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ูุชุจูู ุนู ูุฉ ุงูุชุฏุงูู ุงูุฑุณู ูุฉ ุดููุงู ูุง ูุนูุงูุ ูุฃู ูู ุดูุก ูู ุณูุฑูุง ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ููุณุนูุฑ ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑุ ุจุฏุกุงู ู ู ุงูุฏููุฑุฉ ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุนููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุณู ุฉ ุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุงูุญุฑุจุ ูุตููุงู ุฅูู ุฏุฎูู ุงูุจูุงุฏ ู ุฑุญูุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ุชููู ุนูู ุฏููุฑุฉ ุฑุณู ูุฉ ู ุนููุฉ ู ูุฐ ุณููุท ุงููุธุงู ุ ููู ุงูุฃู ุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุคุซุฑ ุณูุจูุงู ุนูู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ ูููู ุชูุง ูู ุงูุณูู.
The Syrian government does not follow a specific line (course/policy) regarding the currency used in its official and semi-official transactions. The dollar prevails over the Syrian pound in many transactions, including the payment of salaries to the “new bureaucracy,” the collection of some bills (fees), and the pricing of some fines. The Syrian pound remains the official currency in form, not in fact (in name only), as everything in the new Syria is priced in dollars, starting with the undeclared dollarization that characterized the war economy, and extending to the country’s entry into a new phase based on officially declared dollarization since the fall of the regime, which negatively affects the national currency and its value in the market.
ุฑุตุฏุช “ุงูู ุฏู” ุญุฒู ุฉ ู ู ุงูุฏููุฑุฉ ุงูุฑุณู ูุฉ ููุบุฑุงู ุงุช ูุฅูุตุงูุงุช ุงููุจุถ ูุงูู ูุงูุตุงุช ุงูุชู ููุนุชู ูุฏ ุงูุฏููุงุฑ ูููุง ุนูุถุงู ุนู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุณูุงุก ุนูู ูุญูู ุฅุฌุจุงุฑู ุฃู ุงุฎุชูุงุฑู. ูุฃุจุฑุฒ ูุฐู ุงููุฑุงุฑุงุช ูุงู ุงูุชุนู ูู ุงูุฐู ุฃุตุฏุฑู ู ุฏูุฑ ุงูุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ ูุงุฏู ุงูุฃุญู ุฏุ ุจุงูุชูููุถ ุนู ู ุญุงูุธ ุฏู ุดู ู ุฑูุงู ุฅุฏูุจูุ ุจู ูุน ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ูู ุงูู ูุงุชุจ ูุงูู ู ุฑุงุชุ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุฃู ู ูุงู ุชุงุจุน ูู ุฏูุฑูุงุช ุงููุทุงุน ุงูุจูุฏู ูุงูุฃู ุงูุฉ ุงูุนุงู ุฉ ูุงูุฎุฏู ุงุช ุงููููุฉุ ุชุญุช ุทุงุฆูุฉ ุงูุญุจุณ ูุงูุบุฑุงู ุฉ.
Al-Modon newspaper documented a series of official dollarization measures for fines, receipts, and tenders, in which the dollar is used instead of the Syrian pound, either mandatorily or optionally. The most prominent of these decisions was the circular issued by the Director of Administrative Development, Hadi al-Ahmad, on behalf of the Governor of Damascus, Marwan Idlibi, prohibiting smoking in offices and corridors, as well as in any place belonging to the directorates of the municipal sector, the General Secretariat, and technical services, under penalty of imprisonment and a fine.
ูุญุฏุฏ ุงููุฑุงุฑ ุบุฑุงู ุฉ ูุง ุชูู ุนู 100 ุฏููุงุฑ ููุง ุชุฒูุฏ ุนู 200 ุฏููุงุฑุ ูู ุญุงู ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃู ุงูู ุงูุนุงู ุฉ ุงูู ุญุธูุฑ ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ูููุงุ ูุถููุง ุนู ุบุฑุงู ุฉ ุชุชุฑุงูุญ ุจูู 1000 ุฏููุงุฑ ู3000 ูู ุญุงู ุณู ุงุญ ุงูู ุณุคูู ุนู ุงูู ูุงู ุงูุนุงู ุงูู ุญุธูุฑ ูุฃู ุดุฎุต ุจุงูุชุฏุฎููุ ููู ุญุงู ุนุฏู ุงูุฅุนูุงู ุนู ู ูุน ุงูุชุฏุฎูู ูู ุงูู ูุงู ุงูุนุงู ุงูู ุณุชูุฏู ุจุงููุฑุงุฑ.
The decision stipulated a fine of no less than $100 and no more than $200 for smoking in any public place where smoking is prohibited, in addition to a fine ranging from $1,000 to $3,000 if the person responsible for the prohibited public place allows anyone to smoke, or if the prohibition of smoking is not announced in the public place targeted by the decision.
ููู ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุญููู ู ุขุฎุฑุ ุญุฏูุฏุช ูุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงูุทุงูุฉ ููู ุฉ ุงูุชุฃู ููุงุช ุงูุฃูููุฉ ุงูู ุชุนููุฉ ุจู ูุงูุตุฉ ุชูุฑูุฏ 6 ู ูููู ุนุฏุงุฏ ุฐููุ ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุฃู ู ุง ูุนุงุฏูู. ูููุงุญุธ ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุนููู ูู ู ูุงูุตุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ุญูู ุชูุฑูุฏ ุงูุบุงุฒ ุงูู ูุฒูู. ููุฏ ุญูุฏูุฏุช ุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุฏูุน ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุจู ูุฌุจ ุดูู ู ูุตุฏูู. ุฃู ุง ุจุฎุตูุต ุงูุฑูุงุชุจุ ูุชุณููู ุงูุญููู ุฉ ูุณู ุงู ูุจูุฑุงู ู ููุง ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุชุทุจูู “ุดุงู ูุงุด” ุงูุฐู ุชุฃุณุณ ุณุงุจูุงู ูู ุฅุฏูุจุ ูุฌุฑู ุงูุชุชุงุญ ู ูุฑ ุฑุฆูุณ ูู ูุณุท ุฏู ุดู.
In another government measure, the Ministry of Energy specified the value of the initial guarantees related to a tender for the supply of 6 million smart meters in dollars or its equivalent. We observe the same procedure in another tender concerning the supply of household gas. The payment method was specified as US dollars via a certified check. As for salaries, the government pays a large portion of them in dollars through the “Sham Cash” application, which was previously established in Idlib, and a main headquarters for it was opened in central Damascus.
Section 2
ุชุฏุงูู ุงูุฏููุงุฑ ูุงู ู ู ููุนุงู ูู ุงูููุงููู ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ุณูุทุช ู ุน ุงูุฅุนูุงู ุงูุฏุณุชูุฑู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ูู ุณูุฑูุง. ูุฃุจุฑุฒ ุชูู ุงูููุงููู ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุงููุงุธู ุฉ ูู ุฌุงู ุงูุชุฏุงูู ูู ุงูู ุฑุณูู ุฑูู “3” ููุนุงู 2020 ุงูุฐู ูุฑุถ ุนููุจุฉ ุงูุณุฌู ูุฏูุน ุบุฑุงู ุฉ ู ุงููุฉ ููู ุชุนุงู ููู ุจุบูุฑ ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉุ ููู ู ุฑุณูู ุฌุงุก ู ุนุฏูููุงู ููู ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ู ู ุงูู ุฑุณูู ุงูุชุดุฑูุนู ุฑูู “54” ููุนุงู 2013ุ ุงูุฐู ูุงู ูุนุงูุจ ุงูู ุชุนุงู ู ุจุบูุฑ ุงูููุฑุฉ ุจุงูุญุจุณ ู ู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ุฅูู ุซูุงุซ ุณููุงุช ููุบุฑูู ู ู ุจุงูุบ ุทุงุฆูุฉ.
Trading in US dollars was prohibited under Syrian laws that fell (were superseded) by the new constitutional declaration in Syria. The most prominent of these laws governing currency exchange was Decree No. 3 of 2020, which imposed imprisonment and a fine on those dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound. This decree amended Article Two of Legislative Decree No. 54 of 2013, which punished those dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound with imprisonment from three months to three years and imposed hefty fines.
ูู ุชุตุฏุฑ ููุงููู ุฃู ู ุฑุงุณูู ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุงุธู ุฉ ูุนู ููุงุช ุงูุชุฏุงูู ุจุฏููุฉ ุนู ุชูู ุงูุชู ุณูุทุช ู ุน ุงููุธุงู ุงูุณุงุจู. ูููู ูุงูุน ุงูุงููุชุงุญ ุงูู ุงูู ุงูุฐู ุฑุณูุฎุชู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูู ุณูุฑูุง ูุฑุถ ููุณูุ ููุชุญ ุงูุจุงุจ ุฃู ุงู ุงูุชุนุงู ู ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุฅูู ุฌุงูุจ ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ ูู ุงููุซูุฑ ู ู ุงูุชุนุงู ูุงุช.
No new laws or decrees regulating currency exchange have been issued to replace those that fell (were abolished) with the previous regime. However, the reality of financial openness established by the new authorities in Syria has imposed itself, opening the door to dealing in dollars alongside the national currency in many transactions.
ุงูู ุญุงู ู ูุงูู ุณุชุดุงุฑ ุงููุงููููุ ุบุฒูุงู ูุฑููู ูุงู ููู “ุงูู ุฏู”ุ ุฅูู ุฌุจุงูุฉ ุงูุบุฑุงู ุงุช ูุงูุฅูุฒุงู ุงุช ุงูู ุงููุฉ ุจุบูุฑ ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ ูุนุชุจุฑ ุดููุงู ู ู ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุงุนุชุฏุงุก ุนูู ู ูููู ุงูุณูุงุฏุฉุ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุฃู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ ูู ุฅุญุฏู ุงูุฑู ูุฒ ุงูุณูุงุฏูุฉุ ู ุดูุฑุงู ุฅูู ุฃูู ู ู ุงูู ุคุณู ุฃู ู ู ููุชูููุง ูู ุงูุณูุทุฉ ุงูู ููุท ุจูุง ุญู ุงูุฉ ุงูุณูุงุฏุฉ ุงููุทููุฉ.
Lawyer and legal consultant Ghazwan Qarnafal told Al-Modon that collecting fines and financial obligations in a currency other than the national currency is a form of assault on the concept of sovereignty, considering that the national currency is one of the symbols of sovereignty. He pointed out that it is unfortunate that those who violate it are the authorities entrusted with protecting national sovereignty.
ูู ุน ุฃูู ูุดูุฑ ุฅูู ุฃูู ูุง ูุฌูุฒ ูุฏููุฉ ุชุญุชุฑู ููุณูุง ูุณูุงุฏุชูุง ุฃู ุชุชุนุงู ู ุจุนู ูุฉ ุบูุฑ ุนู ูุชูุง ุงููุทููุฉ. ูููู ููู ุญ ุฅูู ุถุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุนุฏูู ุงููุงููู ุงูู ุฌุฑููู ููุชุนุงู ู ุจุบูุฑ ุงูููุฑุฉุ ูุฌูุฉ ุญูุงุฒุฉ ุงูุนู ูุงุช ุงูุฃุฌูุจูุฉ ูุชุฏุงูููุงุ ูุฃู ุงูููุงููู ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ ูุง ุชุฒุงู ูุงุฆู ุฉุ ูููุณ ููุงู ููุงููู ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุงุบูุฉ ููุง.
While he indicates that a state that respects itself and its sovereignty should not deal in a currency other than its national currency, he suggests the need to amend the law criminalizing dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound, regarding the possession and trading of foreign currencies, because the previous laws are still in effect, and there are no new laws repealing them.
Section 3
ุงูุฌุงูุจ ุงููุงูููู ูู ุงููุถูุฉ ูุง ูุนุฏู ู ุดููุฉุ ูุธุฑุงู ุฅูู ุงูุชูุงุฌ ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ู ุณุงุฑุงู ู ุฎุชููุงู ูุณู ุญ ุจุญุฑููุฉ ุงูุชุฏุงูู. ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑุงุช ุงูุฃูุจุฑ ูุนู ููุฉ ุงูุฏููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุนููุฉ ูู ุงูุฃูู ุ ูุฃููุง ุชููููุฏ ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ููู ุชูุงุ ูุชูุญููุฒ ุงูุทูุจ ุนูู ุงูุฏููุงุฑุ ุฎุตูุตุงู ุฃูู ุงูุญููู ุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ูู ุชููุฏูู ุญุชูู ุงูุขู ุนูู ุชูุธูู ุงูุณูู ุงูู ุงููุฉุ ูุจูููุง ุดุจูุฉ ูุงุณุนุฉ ู ู ุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุตุฑุงูุฉ ูููุธุฑ ุฅูููุง ูุณูู ู ูุงุฒูุฉ ุชุชุนุงู ู ุจู ุฎุชูู ุงูุนู ูุงุชุ ูุฃูู ูุง ุงูุฏููุงุฑ ูุงูููุฑูุ ุจุฃุฑูุญูุฉ ุชุงู ุฉ.
The legal aspect of the issue is not considered a problem, given that the new era (regime) is pursuing a different path that allows for free trading. The greater impacts of the declared dollarization process are more significant, as it devalues โโthe Syrian lira and stimulates demand for the dollar, especially since the Syrian government has not yet regulated the financial market, including a wide network of exchange companies that are viewed as a parallel market dealing in various currencies, most importantly the dollar and the euro, with complete ease (freedom).
ู ู ูุฐุง ุงูู ูุทููุ ููุงุญุธ ุงูุจุงุญุซ ูู ุฏูุฑ ู ูุตุฉ “ุงูุชุตุงุฏู” ูููุณ ุงููุฑูู ูุฌูุฏ ุชุฏุงุนูุงุช ุนุฏูุฏุฉ ููุฐุง ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงูู ูุชุดุฑ ุนูู ูุญูู ุงุนุชูุงุฏูุ ูู ู ุง ูุงู ูุนุฑู ุจุงูู ูุงุทู ุงูู ุญุฑุฑุฉ ุณุงุจูุงูุ ูุงูุฐู ุจุฏุฃุช ู ูุงู ุญู ุชุธูุฑ ูู ุงูู ูุงุทู ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ูุงูุนุฉ ุณุงุจูุงู ุชุญุช ุณูุทุฑุฉ ุงููุธุงู ุงูู ุฎููุน.
From this perspective, researcher and director of the “Iqtisadi” platform, Younis Al-Karim, notes the existence of numerous repercussions of this measure, which is becoming commonplace in what were formerly known as the liberated areas, and whose features are beginning to appear in other areas that were previously under the control of the ousted regime.
ููููุช ุงููุฑูู ุฎูุงู ุญุฏูุซ ุฅูู”ุงูู ุฏู” ุฅูู ูุฌูุฏ ุญุฒู ุฉ ู ุฎุงููุงุช ู ุชูููุนุฉ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุชุ ุฅุญุฏุงูุง ุชุชู ุซู ูู ุงูุชุนุฏูู ุนูู ู ูุงู ูุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ุงููุฉ ุงูู ุฎูููุฉ ุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ูุฐู ุงููุฑุงุฑุงุชุ ูุงูุซุงููุฉ ุฃูู ุชุณููู ุจุนุถ ูุฐู ุงูุบุฑุงู ุงุช ูุชู ู ุฅู ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงูู ุคุณุณุฉ ุฃู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุจููู ุงูุนุงู ุฉ ู ุซู ู ุตุฑู ุงูุชุณููู ุงูุดุนุจู ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุฎููู ุฃุณุงุณุงู ุจุงูุชุนุงู ู ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ.
During an interview with “Al-Modon,” Al-Karim points out a range of violations in these procedures. One is the encroachment on the responsibilities of the Ministry of Finance, which is authorized to issue such decisions. The second is that some of these fines are collected either through the institution itself or one of the public banks, such as the Popular Credit Bank, which is not authorized to deal in dollars.
ููุธุฑุงู ุฅูู ุนุดูุงุฆูุฉ ูุฐู ุงููุฑุงุฑุงุช ูุนุฏู ุงูุชุฒุงู ูุง ุงููุธุงู ุงูุนุงู ุ ูุฅูููุง ุชุคุดูุฑ ุฅูู ุฃู ุงูุฃุณุงุณ ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏู ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑู ููู ุฑุญูุฉ ูุง ูููู ุนูู ุญููู ุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ูู ุฑุงุนุงุฉ ูู ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุดูุงููุฉุ ููู ุงูุฃู ุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุนูู ุชุญููู ุงูู ุคุณุณุงุช ู ู ูุธุงู ูุงุถุญ ูู ูู ูุฑุงุกุชู ู ู ูุจู ุงูู ูุงุทู ูุงูู ุณุชุซู ุฑ ุนูู ุงูุณูุงุกุ ุฅูู ูุดุงุท ุดุจูู ูููู ุนูู ู ุฒุงุฌูุฉ ุงููุฑุฏ ูุง ูุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงูู ุคุณุณุฉุ ูุนูู ุนูุงู ู ุงููุฑุจู ูุงูููุงุก ุจุฏูุงู ู ู ุชูุนูู ุงูุฏูุฑ ุงูู ุคุณุณุงุชู ููุฏููุฉุ ูููุงู ูู ุง ูุถููู ุงููุฑูู .
Given the arbitrary nature of these decisions and their disregard for public order, they indicate that the economic and administrative foundation of this phase is not based on clear governance and adherence to the principle of transparency. This means transforming institutions from a clear system that can be understood by both citizens and investors into a network activity based on individual whims rather than institutional decisions, and on factors of kinship and loyalty instead of activating the institutional role of the state, as Al-Karim adds.
ูู ู ุฌุงูุจ ุขุฎุฑุ ูุดูุฑ ุงููุฑูู ุฅูู ุฃุซุฑ ุฅูุฌุงุจู ููุฐู ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ูุฌูุฉ ุฑูุฏ ุงูุฎุฒุงูุฉ ุงูุนุงู ุฉ ุจุงููุทุน ุงูุฃุฌูุจู. ููู ุงูุฌุงูุจ ุงูุณูุจู ูุชุบูุจ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูุฅูุฌุงุจูุฉ. ูุณุญุจ ุงูุฏููุงุฑ ูุฑูุน ุณุนุฑู ููุคุซุฑ ุณูุจูุงู ุนูู ููู ุฉ ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉุ ูุงูุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูู ุฒุงุฌูุฉ ููู ุฎุงููุงุช ูุชุณุนูุฑูุง ุงููุฌ ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุง ูู ููู ู ุนุธู ุงูู ูุงุทููู ูุนุฒุฒ ู ู ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุซูุฉ ุงูู ูุงุทู ุจุงูุฏููุฉุ ููู ุซูุฉ ู ูู ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ูุชูุดูุท ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏ ูุชุญููุฒ ุงููุงุนููู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏููู ุนูู ุถุฎ ุงูุฑุณุงู ูู ุงููุจูุฑุฉ ูู ู ุดุงุฑูุน ุทูููุฉ ุงูุฃู ุฏ.
On the other hand, Al-Karim points to a positive effect of these measures in terms of replenishing the public treasury with foreign currency. However, the negative aspects outweigh the positive ones. The withdrawal of dollars from the market increases their price and negatively impacts the value of the Syrian pound. The arbitrary nature of the fines and their crude stark pricing in dollars, a currency that most citizens do not possess, reinforces [deepens] the loss of public trust in the state (further erodes public trust), a trust that is crucial for stimulating the economy and encouraging economic actors to invest significant capital in long-term projects.
Section 4
ูุง ุชูุชุตุฑ ุงูุฏููุฑุฉ ุนูู ุชุณุนูุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงูุบุฑุงู ุงุช ูุงูู ุฎุงููุงุชุ ุจู ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู ุณุงุญุฉ ุฃูุณุน ุจูุซูุฑุ ุณูุงุก ุนุจุฑ ุชุณููู ูุชูุฉ ุถุฎู ุฉ ู ู ุฑูุงุชุจ ูุฒุงุฑุชู ุงูุฏูุงุน ูุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ูุงูุฅุนูุงู ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑุ ุฃู ุนุจุฑ ุงุนุชู ุงุฏ ุงูุฏููุงุฑ ููุณููุฉ ุชุณุนูุฑ ููุณูุนุฉ ูููุชุญูููุงุช ุงูู ุงููุฉ ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุจูููุ ูุนูู ุฑุฃุณูุง “ุดุงู ูุงุด” ุงูุฐู ูุง ุชุฒุงู ุงูุถุจุงุจูุฉ ุชูุชูู ุชูุณุนุงุชู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุญุฌู ู ุงูุณููู.
Dollarization is not limited to pricing some fines and penalties; it extends to a much wider scope, whether through the payment of a large portion of the salaries of the Ministries of Defense, Interior, and Information in dollars, or through the adoption of the dollar as a pricing mechanism for goods and financial transfers in some banks, and chief among them [lit. at their head] “Sham Cash,” as ambiguity still surrounds its new expansions and its market size.
ููุฑุตุฏ ูููุณ ุงููุฑูู ุซูุงุซุฉ ู ู ุงูุฑูุงุชุจ ูู ุณูุฑูุง ูู ุงูู ูุงุทู ุงูุชู ุชุฏูุฑูุง ุงูุญููู ุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ: ุฑูุงุชุจ ุงูู ูุธููู ุงูุญููู ููู ูู ุฏู ุดู ูุงูู ุญุงูุธุงุช ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ูุชุตุฑู ุจุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉุ ููู ุฑูุงุชุจ ู ูุฎูุถุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู ุง ููุฑูุช ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ. ูุงูุฑูุงุชุจ ุงูุชู ุชูู ูุญ ุดู ุงู ุญูุจ ุฐุงุช ุงูุฅุดุฑุงู ุงูุชุฑููุ ููู ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑ ุฃู ุงูููุฑุฉ ุงูุชุฑููุฉุ ูุชุนุฏ ู ุชูุณุทุฉ. ุฃู ุง ุงููุชูุฉ ุงูุซุงูุซุฉ ููู ุฑูุงุชุจ ู ูุธูู ุญููู ุฉ ุงูุฅููุงุฐ ุงูุณุงุจูุฉุ ููู ุงูุฃุนูู ููู ุจุงูุฏููุงุฑุ ูุชุดู ู ุฑูุงุชุจ ุงูู ูุงุชููู ูุงูุฃู ูููู ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูููุ ุจู ุนูู ุฃููุง ุชุชุถู ู ุฑูุงุชุจ ุงูุจูุฑููุฑุงุทูุฉ ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉ ูุงูุฅุฏุงุฑูุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ููุนูุฏ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ.
Younis al-Karim identifies three types of salaries in Syria in the areas controlled by the Syrian government: salaries of government employees in Damascus and the interior provinces, paid in Syrian pounds, which are low when compared to the dollar. Salaries paid in northern Aleppo, under Turkish supervision, are in dollars or Turkish lira and are considered moderate. The third bloc (category) consists of the salaries of employees of the former Salvation Government, which are the highest and are paid in dollars. These include the salaries of fighters, security personnel, and administrators, meaning they encompass the salaries of the new military and administrative bureaucracy of the new era (regime).
ูุญูู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุฏููุฑุฉ ุงููุชูุฉ ุงูุฃุฎูุฑุฉุ ููู ุงูุฃุถุฎู ุ ุนูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ูุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏุ ููุถุญ ุงููุฑูู ุตุนูุจุฉ ุชูููู ูุฐุง ุงูุฃุซุฑ ูุนุฏู ูุฌูุฏ ู ุนุทูุงุช ูุงุถุญุฉ ุชุฎุจุฑูุง ุนู ุญุฌู ุงูุฑูุงุชุจ ููุทุงูุงุช ุชูุฒุนูุง. ููู ุนูู ุงูุนู ูู ูุจุฏู ุญุฌู ุงูุฏููุฑุฉ ุงูู ุนููุฉ ูุจูุฑุงู ููุงุจูุงู ููุงุชุณุงุนุ ูุง ุณูู ุง ูู ุญุงู ุถูุฎูู ุงููุทุน ุงูุฃุฌูุจู ุฅูู ุงูุจูุฏ ุนุจุฑ ู ูุญ ูุงุณุชุซู ุงุฑุงุช ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ. ููุฐุง ู ุง ุณูุคุซุฑ ุณูุจุงู ุจุงูุทุจุน ุนูู ููู ุฉ ุงูููุฑุฉุ ุงูุชู ูุดูุฑ ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุฅูู ุฃููุง ูุง ุชุฒุงู ุชุนุงู ู ูุฃููุฉ ุณูุนุฉ ูู ุงูุณููุ ููู ู ุง ูุฌุนููุง ุนุฑุถุฉ ูุฑูุงุญ ุงูุนุฑุถ ูุงูุทูุจ.
Regarding the impact of the dollarization of this last and largest bloc (category) on the Syrian pound and the economy, al-Karim explains the difficulty in assessing this impact due to the lack of clear data on the size of these salaries and their distribution. However, in general, the announced level of dollarization appears significant and likely to expand, especially if foreign currency is injected into the country through grants and foreign investments. This will, of course, negatively affect the value of the Syrian pound, which experts indicate is still treated like any other commodity in the market, making it vulnerable to the winds [forces] of supply and demand.
Vocabulary list
If you are unfamiliar with the verb system used in the Hans Wehr dictionary (Roman numerals, I-X), click here for a short and simplified overview. To avoid confusion, we generally ignore auxiliary vowels that are necessary for pronunciation to avoid consonant clusters.
Part 1: Analysis of a headline
The following vocabulary list covers the yellow-marked words we saw in the headlines.
| Arabic | Explanation |
|---|---|
| ุชูู ูุณูููู – ููุชูู ูุณูููู (ุจูู) | to adhere to, hold on to, cling to, insist on. V-verb. Verbal noun: ุชูู
ูุณูููู. It is almost always followed by the preposition ุจูู (to, on). Examples: ู ูุตูุฑู ุชูุชูู ูุณูููู ุจูุฑูููุถู… (Egypt insists on rejecting…). ููุชูู ูุณูููู ุจูุงููุฃูู ููู (He is holding on to hope). ููุฌูุจู ุฃููู ููุชูู ูุณูููู ุจูู ูุจุงุฏูุฆููุง (We must adhere to our principles). |
| ูููุงูู pl: ูููุงูุงุชู | entity, being, existence. Verbal noun (ู
ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the I-verb ูุงูู – ููููููู (to be). Examples: ุฑูููุถู ุงูููููุงูุงุชู ุงููู ููุงุฒูููุฉู (rejecting the parallel entities). ูููุงูู ุณููุงุณูููู ู ูุณูุชูููููู (An independent political entity). ุงูููููุงูู ุงูุตูููููููููููู (the Zionist entity). |
| ู ููุงุฒู | parallel, equivalent. Active participle (ุงูุณูู
ู ุงูููุงุนููู) of the III-verb ูุงุฒูู – ูููุงุฒูู (to be parallel to). Note: This is a defective noun (ุงูุณูู
ู ู
ููููููุตู). Examples: ุงูุณููููู ุงููู ููุงุฒูููุฉู (the parallel market). ููุฏููููู ู ูุณุงุฑู ู ูููููููู ู ููุงุฒู (He has a parallel career path). |
| ุฎูุจููุฑู pl: ุฎูุจูุฑุงุกู | expert. Pattern ููุนูููู from the I-verb ุฎูุจูุฑู – ููุฎูุจูุฑู (to be familiar with). Note: This word is technically a ุตูููุฉู ู
ูุดูุจููููุฉู (adjective resembling the participle) because it comes from an intransitive verb (ุฎูุจูุฑู – to be experienced) and denotes a stable, inherent quality (expertise). Although this pattern is sometimes grouped with nouns of exaggeration (ุตููุบูุฉู ุงููู
ูุจูุงููุบูุฉู), its primary morphological classification here is an adjective denoting a permanent trait. Examples: ุฎูุจููุฑูุฉู ููุงููู ูุตูุฑูููู ุงููููููู ู (a [female] expert to “Al-Masry Al-Youm”). ุฎูุจููุฑู ููู ุงูุดููุคูููู ุงููุนูุณูููุฑููููุฉู (an expert in military affairs). ููุญููู ุจูุญุงุฌูุฉู ุฅูููู ุฑูุฃููู ุฎูุจููุฑู (We need an expert’s opinion). |
| ููุถููููุฉู pl: ููุถุงูุง | issue, case (legal), matter, cause. From the I-verb ููุถูู – ููููุถูู (to decree, judge). Examples: ููุถูุนู ุงููููุถููููุฉู ุถูู ููู ุงููุฃูุฌูููุฏูุฉู (putting the issue on the agenda). ุงููููุถููููุฉู ุงููููููุณูุทูููููููุฉู (the Palestinian cause). ุฑูููุนู ููุถููููุฉู ููู ุงููู ูุญูููู ูุฉู (He filed a case in court). |
| ุถูู ููู | within, among, as part of, including. Adverb of place (ุธูุฑููู ู
ููุงูู). From the I-verb ุถูู
ููู – ููุถูู
ููู (to include). Examples: ููุฏูุฎููู ููุฐุง ุถูู ููู ู ูุณูุคููููููุงุชููู (This falls within your responsibilities). ู ููู ุถูู ููููุง (among them, including). |
Part 2: Translation of an article
We will now conduct a detailed analysis of all the highlighted terms from the preceding article
๐ Note on the Vocabulary List: The following section provides an exhaustive linguistic breakdown of every key term and grammatical nuance found in this article. Access to this deep analysis โ featuring detailed word-for-word explanations and contextual examples similar to the table above โ is available exclusively to our Arabic for Nerds+ community.
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Quiz: Media Arabic Booster 11/25
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Media Arabic Booster 11-25
All the Arabic words from Media Arabic Booster, episode 11-25.
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Driรner, G. (2025, November 30). Sovereign Loss in Syria & Sudan: Dollarization and Parallel Entities | Media Arabic Booster 11/25. Arabic for Nerds. https://arabic-for-nerds.com/learners-corner/media-arabic-booster/media-arabic-booster-11-25/
Published: November 30, 2025
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Publication ISSN: 3055-1730
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