Sovereign Loss in Syria & Sudan: Dollarization and Parallel Entities | Media Arabic Booster 11/25

When does a currency lose its “sovereignty” (ุณููŠุงุฏูŽุฉ)? And what does it mean when a state rejects “parallel entities” (ูƒููŠุงู†ุงุช ู…ููˆุงุฒููŠูŽุฉ)? This Media Arabic Booster dissects two stories of failing authority: the “undeclared dollarization” eating away at the Syrian economy (al-Modon), and Egypt’s diplomatic stance on the war in Sudan (Al-Masry Al-Youm).
Huge glowing green digital dollar sign towering between ruined apartment buildings while silhouetted people walk toward it down a debris-strewn street.

Last updated 7 months ago.

How does the media talk about a state losing control? The Media Arabic Booster November 2025 episode explores the language of “sovereignty” (ุณููŠุงุฏูŽุฉ) in crisis, looking at it from two angles: one political, one economic.

First, we see a state’s authority collapsing in Sudan. The brutal civil war has forced Egypt to publicly reject “parallel entities”. We’ll break down an Al-Masry Al-Youm headline to understand this critical diplomatic language.

Second, we see a currency’s authority collapsing in Syria. An article from al-Modon investigates the “undeclared dollarization” (ุฏูŽูˆู’ู„ูŽุฑูŽุฉูŒ ุบูŽูŠู’ุฑู ู…ูุนู’ู„ูŽู†ูŽุฉู) that is killing the Syrian lira. We’ll give you the key Arabic words to see how the news reports on both kinds of failure.

Let’s start our Media Arabic lesson.


A close look at a headline

In this edition of Media Arabic Booster, we will begin our analysis with a critical diplomatic phrase used by Egypt to describe the crisis in neighboring Sudan.

Al-Masry Al-Youm: Egypt and Sudan

On November 9, 2025, Alโ€‘Masry Alโ€‘Youm (ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…) reported that Egypt reaffirmed support for Sudanโ€™s territorial unity and institutions, rejected parallel entities, and called for an immediate comprehensive ceasefire.

The regime in Cairo is pressing – through bilateral talks and a quadripartite mechanism – for humanitarian pauses, open aid corridors, and international action.

Let’s focus on the headline:

ู…ุตุฑ ุชุชู…ุณูƒ ุจุฑูุถ ุงู„ูƒูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู†

Literal: Egypt insists on rejecting the parallel entities in Sudan.

Natural/idiomatic: Egypt remains firm in rejecting parallel power structures in Sudan.

ยซุนุจุฏุงู„ุนุงุทูŠยป: ู…ูˆู‚ูู†ุง ุซุงุจุช.. ู†ุฏุนู… ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ูˆุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช | ุฎุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู€ยซุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ยป: ุงู„ู‚ุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุชู‡ุฏู ู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉ

Literal: โ€˜Abdelโ€‘Aty: Our position is fixed.. we support the unity of the lands and the stability of institutions | Expert to Alโ€‘Masry Alโ€‘Youm: Cairo aims to put the issue on the international agenda.

Natural/idiomatic: โ€˜Abdelโ€‘Aty: Our position is firm – we support Sudanโ€™s territorial unity and institutional stability.| An expert told Alโ€‘Masry Alโ€‘Youm that Cairo aims to place the issue on the international agenda.

Remark: If you cannot access the article, try this link (archive.org)


War in Sudan: Who’s Backing Who (late-2025)

The conflict in Sudan (ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู†) pits the official Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF – ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู†ูŠ), led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ุงู†), against the powerful paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF -ู‚ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน), led by Mohamed “Hemedti” Dagalo (ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุญู…ุฏุงู† ุฏู‚ู„ูˆ ุญู…ูŠุฏุชูŠ).

The war began in April 2023, when a power struggle between al-Burhan’s SAF and Hemedti’s RSF erupted into open fighting over control of the military and transition arrangements. In late October-November 2025 (around 26 October 2025), the RSF captured El-Fasher (ุงู„ูุงุดุฑ), the army’s last major hub in Darfur (ุฏุงุฑููˆุฑ), triggering warnings of mass killings and famine.

Why the RSF Has External Support

The RSF’s control of gold-producing areas and smuggling routes has created lucrative revenue streams.

  • Investigations and policy analyses show the UAE (ุงู„ุฅู…ุงุฑุงุช) is a major commercial hub for that gold and has been linked in reporting to political and transactional ties with RSF figures; some reports explicitly accuse UAE-linked actors of providing military/logistical support, though the UAE officially denies arming the militia.
  • These ties help the RSF finance and equip itself.
  • Separately, reporting links Russian private military networks (like Wagner-style actors) to past assistance and access to mining revenues in RSF-controlled areas.

Why the SAF Has Backers

Egypt (ู…ุตุฑ) backs the SAF (ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงู†ูŠ) for strategic reasons.

  • Sudan’s stability and control over its long southern border are existential security concerns for Cairo.
  • Egypt’s military-led government prefers a formal, institutional army over paramilitary rule and views the collapse of state authority in Sudan as a direct national security threat.

Who’s Brokering Peace and Why

Saudi Arabia (ุงู„ุณุนูˆุฏูŠุฉ) and the United States (ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ) are the main external mediators, having led the (currently stalled) diplomatic process known as the Jeddah platform (ู…ู†ุจุฑ ุฌุฏุฉ).

  • The US has also used sanctions to target financial and arms networks tied to both warring parties.
  • The primary goal for these mediators is to stop mass starvation, restore humanitarian access, and prevent the conflict from spilling over and destabilizing the wider Red Sea region.
  • Estimates suggest that by late 2025 the war has displaced more than 12 million people and caused at least 150,000 deaths (from violence, starvation, and disease); all figures remain provisional because access is limited and counting is difficult.

Translation of an article

Letโ€™s look at parts of a longer newspaper article in Arabic. We will translate each sentence carefully. The highlighted words are in the vocabulary list below.

al-Modon: The Dollarization in Syria

On November 7, 2025, the online news platform al-Modon (ุงู„ู…ุฏู†) published this long and complex article about the economic crisis in Syria. It investigates how the Syrian government itself is driving “undeclared dollarization” (ุฏูŽูˆู’ู„ูŽุฑูŽุฉูŒ ุบูŽูŠู’ุฑู ู…ูุนู’ู„ูŽู†ูŽุฉู) by issuing fines and paying salaries in dollars.

This is a challenging workout, but mastering its high-level vocabulary will pay off for all your future reading, as it explores whether the Syrian lira has lost its “sovereignty” (ุณููŠุงุฏูŽุฉ).

Al-Modon (ุงู„ู…ุฏู†) is an independent Arabic online newspaper founded in 2012 and based in Beirut, Lebanon. The platform is known for its critical, in-depth analysis of politics and culture across the Levant. Politically, it is generally seen as liberal and secular, with an editorial line that is strongly critical of the Assad regime in Syria and other authoritarian governments.

Remark: If you cannot access the article, try this link (archive.org)


ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุงโ€ฆ ู‡ู„ ูู‚ุฏุช ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุณูŠุงุฏุชู‡ุงุŸ

Undeclared official dollarization in Syria: Has the lira lost its sovereignty?


Let’s now take a closer look at the entire article.

Section 1

ู„ุง ุชู†ุชู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุฎุทุงู‹ ู…ุญุฏุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุนุงู…ู„ุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ. ูุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูŠุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุชุนุงู…ู„ุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุณุฏุงุฏ ุฑูˆุงุชุจ “ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ” ูˆุฌุจุงูŠุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ููˆุงุชูŠุฑ ูˆุชุณุนูŠุฑ ู‚ุณู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุงู„ูุงุช. ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ูุชุจู‚ู‰ ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ุดูƒู„ุงู‹ ู„ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูŠูุณุนู‘ุฑ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ุจุฏุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุณู…ุฉ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฑุจุŒ ูˆุตูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู‚ูˆุท ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุคุซุฑ ุณู„ุจูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚.

The Syrian government does not follow a specific line (course/policy) regarding the currency used in its official and semi-official transactions. The dollar prevails over the Syrian pound in many transactions, including the payment of salaries to the “new bureaucracy,” the collection of some bills (fees), and the pricing of some fines. The Syrian pound remains the official currency in form, not in fact (in name only), as everything in the new Syria is priced in dollars, starting with the undeclared dollarization that characterized the war economy, and extending to the country’s entry into a new phase based on officially declared dollarization since the fall of the regime, which negatively affects the national currency and its value in the market.

ุฑุตุฏุช “ุงู„ู…ุฏู†” ุญุฒู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุฑุงู…ุงุช ูˆุฅูŠุตุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‚ุตุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูุนุชู…ูŽุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุนูˆุถุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุณูˆุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆู ุฅุฌุจุงุฑูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑูŠ. ูˆุฃุจุฑุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุนู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุตุฏุฑู‡ ู…ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ ู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฏุŒ ุจุงู„ุชููˆูŠุถ ุนู† ู…ุญุงูุธ ุฏู…ุดู‚ ู…ุฑูˆุงู† ุฅุฏู„ุจูŠุŒ ุจู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงุชุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ู…ุฑุงุชุŒ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุชุงุจุน ู„ู…ุฏูŠุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุจู„ุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุชุญุช ุทุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญุจุณ ูˆุงู„ุบุฑุงู…ุฉ.

Al-Modon newspaper documented a series of official dollarization measures for fines, receipts, and tenders, in which the dollar is used instead of the Syrian pound, either mandatorily or optionally. The most prominent of these decisions was the circular issued by the Director of Administrative Development, Hadi al-Ahmad, on behalf of the Governor of Damascus, Marwan Idlibi, prohibiting smoking in offices and corridors, as well as in any place belonging to the directorates of the municipal sector, the General Secretariat, and technical services, under penalty of imprisonment and a fine.

ูˆุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุบุฑุงู…ุฉ ู„ุง ุชู‚ู„ ุนู† 100 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูˆู„ุง ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† 200 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู† ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู† ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูุถู„ู‹ุง ุนู† ุบุฑุงู…ุฉ ุชุชุฑุงูˆุญ ุจูŠู† 1000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูˆ3000 ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุณู…ุงุญ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุฑ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุจุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู†ุŒ ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุนู† ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุชุฏุฎูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ุฏู ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ.

The decision stipulated a fine of no less than $100 and no more than $200 for smoking in any public place where smoking is prohibited, in addition to a fine ranging from $1,000 to $3,000 if the person responsible for the prohibited public place allows anyone to smoke, or if the prohibition of smoking is not announced in the public place targeted by the decision.

ูˆููŠ ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุญุฏู‘ุฏุช ูˆุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู…ู†ุงู‚ุตุฉ ุชูˆุฑูŠุฏ 6 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุนุฏุงุฏ ุฐูƒูŠุŒ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุนุงุฏู„ู‡. ูˆู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุนูŠู†ู‡ ููŠ ู…ู†ุงู‚ุตุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุญูˆู„ ุชูˆุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠ. ูู‚ุฏ ุญูุฏู‘ุฏุช ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูุน ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุจู…ูˆุฌุจ ุดูŠูƒ ู…ูุตุฏู‘ู‚. ุฃู…ุง ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุชุจุŒ ูุชุณู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู‚ุณู…ุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ “ุดุงู… ูƒุงุด” ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฃุณุณ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุฅุฏู„ุจุŒ ูˆุฌุฑู‰ ุงูุชุชุงุญ ู…ู‚ุฑ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ูˆุณุท ุฏู…ุดู‚.

In another government measure, the Ministry of Energy specified the value of the initial guarantees related to a tender for the supply of 6 million smart meters in dollars or its equivalent. We observe the same procedure in another tender concerning the supply of household gas. The payment method was specified as US dollars via a certified check. As for salaries, the government pays a large portion of them in dollars through the “Sham Cash” application, which was previously established in Idlib, and a main headquarters for it was opened in central Damascus.


Section 2

ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู‚ุทุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง. ูˆุฃุจุฑุฒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู†ุงุธู…ุฉ ู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑุณูˆู… ุฑู‚ู… “3” ู„ู„ุนุงู… 2020 ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูุฑุถ ุนู‚ูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุณุฌู† ูˆุฏูุน ุบุฑุงู…ุฉ ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุชุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ุจุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑุณูˆู… ุฌุงุก ู…ุนุฏู‘ูู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุณูˆู… ุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุนูŠ ุฑู‚ู… “54” ู„ู„ุนุงู… 2013ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุญุจุณ ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูˆูŠุบุฑู‘ู…ู‡ ู…ุจุงู„ุบ ุทุงุฆู„ุฉ.

Trading in US dollars was prohibited under Syrian laws that fell (were superseded) by the new constitutional declaration in Syria. The most prominent of these laws governing currency exchange was Decree No. 3 of 2020, which imposed imprisonment and a fine on those dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound. This decree amended Article Two of Legislative Decree No. 54 of 2013, which punished those dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound with imprisonment from three months to three years and imposed hefty fines.

ู„ู… ุชุตุฏุฑ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ุฑุงุณูŠู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู†ุงุธู…ุฉ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„ ุจุฏูŠู„ุฉ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู‚ุทุช ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚. ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุงู†ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุณู‘ุฎุชู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ูุฑุถ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูˆูุชุญ ุงู„ุจุงุจ ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ุงุช.

No new laws or decrees regulating currency exchange have been issued to replace those that fell (were abolished) with the previous regime. However, the reality of financial openness established by the new authorities in Syria has imposed itself, opening the door to dealing in dollars alongside the national currency in many transactions.

ุงู„ู…ุญุงู…ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชุดุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุŒ ุบุฒูˆุงู† ู‚ุฑู†ูู„ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ู€ู “ุงู„ู…ุฏู†”ุŒ ุฅู†ู‘ ุฌุจุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุงู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฅู„ุฒุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุดูƒู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุงุนุชุฏุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฏุฉุŒ ุจุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฑู…ูˆุฒ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุดูŠุฑุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคุณู ุฃู† ู…ู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูƒู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ูˆุท ุจู‡ุง ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ.

Lawyer and legal consultant Ghazwan Qarnafal told Al-Modon that collecting fines and financial obligations in a currency other than the national currency is a form of assault on the concept of sovereignty, considering that the national currency is one of the symbols of sovereignty. He pointed out that it is unfortunate that those who violate it are the authorities entrusted with protecting national sovereignty.

ูˆู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุฌูˆุฒ ู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุชุญุชุฑู… ู†ูุณู‡ุง ูˆุณูŠุงุฏุชู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจุนู…ู„ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ. ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠู„ู…ุญ ุฅู„ู‰ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑู‘ูู… ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉุŒ ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุญูŠุงุฒุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ ูˆุชุฏุงูˆู„ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุงุบูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ุง.

While he indicates that a state that respects itself and its sovereignty should not deal in a currency other than its national currency, he suggests the need to amend the law criminalizing dealing in currencies other than the Syrian pound, regarding the possession and trading of foreign currencies, because the previous laws are still in effect, and there are no new laws repealing them.


Section 3

ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุนุฏู‘ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉุŒ ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุฌ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ุณุงุฑุงู‹ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุงู‹ ูŠุณู…ุญ ุจุญุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฏุงูˆู„. ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชููู‚ูุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู‚ูŠู…ุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชูุญูู‘ุฒ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ุฎุตูˆุตุงู‹ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู… ุชูู‚ุฏูู… ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ุดุจูƒุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ู…ู† ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุตุฑุงูุฉ ูŠูู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒุณูˆู‚ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠุฉ ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูˆุŒ ุจุฃุฑูŠุญูŠุฉ ุชุงู…ุฉ.

The legal aspect of the issue is not considered a problem, given that the new era (regime) is pursuing a different path that allows for free trading. The greater impacts of the declared dollarization process are more significant, as it devalues โ€‹โ€‹the Syrian lira and stimulates demand for the dollar, especially since the Syrian government has not yet regulated the financial market, including a wide network of exchange companies that are viewed as a parallel market dealing in various currencies, most importantly the dollar and the euro, with complete ease (freedom).

ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู„ู‚ุŒ ูŠู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ุจุงุญุซ ูˆู…ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุตุฉ “ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ” ูŠูˆู†ุณ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชุฏุงุนูŠุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆู ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠุŒ ููŠ ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุนุฑู ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญุฑุฑุฉ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ู…ู„ุงู…ุญู‡ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุงู‚ุนุฉ ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ุชุญุช ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฎู„ูˆุน.

From this perspective, researcher and director of the “Iqtisadi” platform, Younis Al-Karim, notes the existence of numerous repercussions of this measure, which is becoming commonplace in what were formerly known as the liberated areas, and whose features are beginning to appear in other areas that were previously under the control of the ousted regime.

ูˆูŠู„ูุช ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญุฏูŠุซ ุฅู„ู‰”ุงู„ู…ุฏู†” ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุญุฒู…ุฉ ู…ุฎุงู„ูุงุช ู…ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุชุŒ ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ุง ุชุชู…ุซู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนุฏู‘ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‡ุงู… ูˆุฒุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎูˆู‘ู„ุฉ ุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ ุชุณู„ูŠู… ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑุงู…ุงุช ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุฅู…ุง ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุจู†ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุตุฑู ุงู„ุชุณู„ูŠู ุงู„ุดุนุจูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎูˆู‘ู„ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.

During an interview with “Al-Modon,” Al-Karim points out a range of violations in these procedures. One is the encroachment on the responsibilities of the Ministry of Finance, which is authorized to issue such decisions. The second is that some of these fines are collected either through the institution itself or one of the public banks, such as the Popular Credit Bank, which is not authorized to deal in dollars.

ูˆู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ูˆุนุฏู… ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนุงู…ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุคุดู‘ุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญูˆูƒู…ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ูˆู…ุฑุงุนุงุฉ ู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุดูุงููŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ู…ู† ู†ุธุงู… ูˆุงุถุญ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูˆุงุกุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุดุงุท ุดุจูƒูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฒุงุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุฏ ู„ุง ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุฉุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุจู‰ ูˆุงู„ูˆู„ุงุก ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุชูŠ ู„ู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุถูŠูู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู….

Given the arbitrary nature of these decisions and their disregard for public order, they indicate that the economic and administrative foundation of this phase is not based on clear governance and adherence to the principle of transparency. This means transforming institutions from a clear system that can be understood by both citizens and investors into a network activity based on individual whims rather than institutional decisions, and on factors of kinship and loyalty instead of activating the institutional role of the state, as Al-Karim adds.

ูˆู…ู† ุฌุงู†ุจ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุซุฑ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุฑูุฏ ุงู„ุฎุฒุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠ. ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠ ูŠุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ. ูุณุญุจ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูŠุฑูุน ุณุนุฑู‡ ูˆูŠุคุซุฑ ุณู„ุจูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฎุงู„ูุงุช ูˆุชุณุนูŠุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ูุฌ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒู‡ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ูŠุนุฒุฒ ู…ู† ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุซู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู† ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุซู‚ุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุชู†ุดูŠุท ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ูˆุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ูุงุนู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุถุฎ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ.

On the other hand, Al-Karim points to a positive effect of these measures in terms of replenishing the public treasury with foreign currency. However, the negative aspects outweigh the positive ones. The withdrawal of dollars from the market increases their price and negatively impacts the value of the Syrian pound. The arbitrary nature of the fines and their crude stark pricing in dollars, a currency that most citizens do not possess, reinforces [deepens] the loss of public trust in the state (further erodes public trust), a trust that is crucial for stimulating the economy and encouraging economic actors to invest significant capital in long-term projects.


Section 4

ู„ุง ุชู‚ุชุตุฑ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุณุนูŠุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุบุฑุงู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุงู„ูุงุชุ› ุจู„ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฃูˆุณุน ุจูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ุนุจุฑ ุชุณู„ูŠู… ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ูˆุฒุงุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ุฏูุงุน ูˆุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู… ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ุฃูˆ ุนุจุฑ ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูƒูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ุชุณุนูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุณู„ุนุฉ ูˆู„ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู†ูˆูƒุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฃุณู‡ุง “ุดุงู… ูƒุงุด” ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุงู„ุถุจุงุจูŠุฉ ุชูƒุชู†ู ุชูˆุณุนุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆุญุฌู…ู‡ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ูŠ.

Dollarization is not limited to pricing some fines and penalties; it extends to a much wider scope, whether through the payment of a large portion of the salaries of the Ministries of Defense, Interior, and Information in dollars, or through the adoption of the dollar as a pricing mechanism for goods and financial transfers in some banks, and chief among them [lit. at their head] “Sham Cash,” as ambiguity still surrounds its new expansions and its market size.

ูˆูŠุฑุตุฏ ูŠูˆู†ุณ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ููŠ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูŠุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ: ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุธููŠู† ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุฏู…ุดู‚ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุงุช ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุตุฑู ุจุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู‚ูˆุฑู†ุช ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ. ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูู…ู†ุญ ุดู…ุงู„ ุญู„ุจ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฅุดุฑุงู ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุชุนุฏ ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ. ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ูู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ู…ูˆุธููŠ ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ูˆุชุดู…ู„ ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุชู„ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ู†ูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠูŠู†ุŒ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุถู…ู† ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.

Younis al-Karim identifies three types of salaries in Syria in the areas controlled by the Syrian government: salaries of government employees in Damascus and the interior provinces, paid in Syrian pounds, which are low when compared to the dollar. Salaries paid in northern Aleppo, under Turkish supervision, are in dollars or Turkish lira and are considered moderate. The third bloc (category) consists of the salaries of employees of the former Salvation Government, which are the highest and are paid in dollars. These include the salaries of fighters, security personnel, and administrators, meaning they encompass the salaries of the new military and administrative bureaucracy of the new era (regime).

ูˆุญูˆู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุถุฎู…ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏุŒ ูŠูˆุถุญ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู… ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุซุฑ ู„ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุชุจ ูˆู†ุทุงู‚ุงุช ุชูˆุฒุนู‡ุง. ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู… ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู†ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ูˆู‚ุงุจู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุงุชุณุงุนุŒ ู„ุง ุณูŠู…ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุถูุฎู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุนุจุฑ ู…ู†ุญ ูˆุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑุงุช ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุณูŠุคุซุฑ ุณู„ุจุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ุชุนุงู…ู„ ูƒุฃูŠู‘ุฉ ุณู„ุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ุฑูŠุงุญ ุงู„ุนุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุทู„ุจ.

Regarding the impact of the dollarization of this last and largest bloc (category) on the Syrian pound and the economy, al-Karim explains the difficulty in assessing this impact due to the lack of clear data on the size of these salaries and their distribution. However, in general, the announced level of dollarization appears significant and likely to expand, especially if foreign currency is injected into the country through grants and foreign investments. This will, of course, negatively affect the value of the Syrian pound, which experts indicate is still treated like any other commodity in the market, making it vulnerable to the winds [forces] of supply and demand.


Vocabulary list

All the words in the above article marked in color can be found in this table with explanations.

If you are unfamiliar with the verb system used in the Hans Wehr dictionary (Roman numerals, I-X), click here for a short and simplified overview. To avoid confusion, we generally ignore auxiliary vowels that are necessary for pronunciation to avoid consonant clusters.

Part 1: Analysis of a headline

The following vocabulary list covers the yellow-marked words we saw in the headlines.

ArabicExplanation
ุชูŽู…ูŽุณูŽู‘ูƒูŽ – ูŠูŽุชูŽู…ูŽุณูŽู‘ูƒู (ุจูู€)to adhere to, hold on to, cling to, insist on. V-verb. Verbal noun: ุชูŽู…ูŽุณูู‘ูƒูŒ. It is almost always followed by the preposition ุจูู€ (to, on).

Examples: ู…ูŽุตู’ุฑู ุชูŽุชูŽู…ูŽุณูŽู‘ูƒู ุจูุฑูŽูู’ุถู… (Egypt insists on rejecting…). ูŠูŽุชูŽู…ูŽุณูŽู‘ูƒู ุจูุงู„ู’ุฃูŽู…ูŽู„ู (He is holding on to hope). ูŠูŽุฌูุจู ุฃูŽู†ู’ ู†ูŽุชูŽู…ูŽุณูŽู‘ูƒูŽ ุจูู…ูŽุจุงุฏูุฆูู†ุง (We must adhere to our principles).
ูƒููŠุงู†ูŒ
pl: ูƒููŠุงู†ุงุชูŒ
entity, being, existence. Verbal noun (ู…ูŽุตู’ุฏูŽุฑูŒ) of the I-verb ูƒุงู†ูŽ – ูŠูŽูƒููˆู†ู (to be).

Examples: ุฑูŽูู’ุถู ุงู„ู’ูƒููŠุงู†ุงุชู ุงู„ู’ู…ููˆุงุฒููŠูŽุฉู (rejecting the parallel entities). ูƒููŠุงู†ูŒ ุณููŠุงุณููŠูŒู‘ ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูู„ูŒู‘ (An independent political entity). ุงู„ู’ูƒููŠุงู†ู ุงู„ุตูู‘ู‡ู’ูŠููˆู†ููŠูู‘ (the Zionist entity).
ู…ููˆุงุฒูparallel, equivalent. Active participle (ุงูุณู’ู…ู ุงู„ู’ูุงุนูู„ู) of the III-verb ูˆุงุฒูŽู‰ – ูŠููˆุงุฒููŠ (to be parallel to). Note: This is a defective noun (ุงูุณู’ู…ูŒ ู…ูŽู†ู’ู‚ููˆุตูŒ).

Examples: ุงู„ุณูู‘ูˆู‚ู ุงู„ู’ู…ููˆุงุฒููŠูŽุฉู (the parallel market). ู„ูŽุฏูŽูŠู’ู‡ู ู…ูŽุณุงุฑูŒ ู…ูู‡ู’ู†ููŠูŒู‘ ู…ููˆุงุฒู (He has a parallel career path).
ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑูŒ
pl: ุฎูุจูŽุฑุงุกู
expert. Pattern ููŽุนููŠู„ูŒ from the I-verb ุฎูŽุจูŽุฑูŽ – ูŠูŽุฎู’ุจูุฑู (to be familiar with). Note: This word is technically a ุตูููŽุฉูŒ ู…ูุดูŽุจูŽู‘ู‡ูŽุฉูŒ (adjective resembling the participle) because it comes from an intransitive verb (ุฎูŽุจูุฑูŽ – to be experienced) and denotes a stable, inherent quality (expertise). Although this pattern is sometimes grouped with nouns of exaggeration (ุตููŠุบูŽุฉู ุงู„ู’ู…ูุจูŽุงู„ูŽุบูŽุฉู), its primary morphological classification here is an adjective denoting a permanent trait.

Examples: ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑูŽุฉูŒ ู„ูุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุตู’ุฑููŠูู‘ ุงู„ู’ูŠูŽูˆู’ู…ู (a [female] expert to “Al-Masry Al-Youm”). ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑูŒ ูููŠ ุงู„ุดูู‘ุคููˆู†ู ุงู„ู’ุนูŽุณู’ูƒูŽุฑููŠูŽู‘ุฉู (an expert in military affairs). ู†ูŽุญู’ู†ู ุจูุญุงุฌูŽุฉู ุฅูู„ูŽู‰ ุฑูŽุฃู’ูŠู ุฎูŽุจููŠุฑู (We need an expert’s opinion).
ู‚ูŽุถููŠูŽู‘ุฉูŒ
pl: ู‚ูŽุถุงูŠุง
issue, case (legal), matter, cause. From the I-verb ู‚ูŽุถูŽู‰ – ูŠูŽู‚ู’ุถููŠ (to decree, judge).

Examples: ูˆูŽุถู’ุนู ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุถููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุถูู…ู’ู†ูŽ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽุฌูู†ู’ุฏูŽุฉู (putting the issue on the agenda). ุงู„ู’ู‚ูŽุถููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุงู„ู’ููู„ูŽุณู’ุทููŠู†ููŠูŽู‘ุฉู (the Palestinian cause). ุฑูŽููŽุนูŽ ู‚ูŽุถููŠูŽู‘ุฉู‹ ูููŠ ุงู„ู’ู…ูŽุญู’ูƒูŽู…ูŽุฉู (He filed a case in court).
ุถูู…ู’ู†ูŽwithin, among, as part of, including. Adverb of place (ุธูŽุฑู’ูู ู…ูŽูƒุงู†ู). From the I-verb ุถูŽู…ูู†ูŽ – ูŠูŽุถู’ู…ูŽู†ู (to include).

Examples: ูŠูŽุฏู’ุฎูู„ู ู‡ูŽุฐุง ุถูู…ู’ู†ูŽ ู…ูŽุณู’ุคููˆู„ููŠู‘ุงุชููƒูŽ (This falls within your responsibilities). ู…ูู†ู’ ุถูู…ู’ู†ูู‡ุง (among them, including).
Vocabulary List – Media Arabic Booster 11/25 – ยฉ Gerald DriรŸner


Part 2: Translation of an article

We will now conduct a detailed analysis of all the highlighted terms from the preceding article

๐Ÿ”’ Note on the Vocabulary List: The following section provides an exhaustive linguistic breakdown of every key term and grammatical nuance found in this article. Access to this deep analysis โ€” featuring detailed word-for-word explanations and contextual examples similar to the table above โ€” is available exclusively to our Arabic for Nerds+ community.

Join Arabic for Nerds+ for Access

It’s only $2.99 per month or $29.99 per year.

View Offers

Already a member? Log in here


Join Arabic for Nerds+ for Access

It’s only $2.99 per month or $29.99 per year.

View Offers

Already a member? Log in here

Test your knowledge – exclusively for +Plus subscribers:


NOTICE: If there are any errors or mistakes in this article, please let me know or use the comment section below. I am not a native English speaker, and inaccuracies can quickly creep in with more complicated texts. We are all here to learn.

DISCLAIMER: Just so you know, my focus is purely on the language, and my selection of texts does not express any political views. The Arab world is currently full of sad conflicts. If a text excerpt hits someone personally or makes them angry, please remember that as a journalist, I listen to all sides without judgment, and I do not want to spread any political views or engage in discussions on Arabic for Nerds. All I care about here is the wonderful language of Arabic, and that we can all use it to understand each other better.

Note: The feature image was created by AI and is used for illustration purposes only.

4c5659e310654882976a3798a34c6494
Wanna cite this article?

DriรŸner, G. (2025, November 30). Sovereign Loss in Syria & Sudan: Dollarization and Parallel Entities | Media Arabic Booster 11/25. Arabic for Nerds. https://arabic-for-nerds.com/learners-corner/media-arabic-booster/media-arabic-booster-11-25/

Published: November 30, 2025

Please check the citation before use, especially if your style guide has local requirements.

Publication ISSN: 3055-1730

Subscribe
Notify of

Join the discussion: Sign in with social media for instant commenting, or register with email (comments require approval):

guest

0 Comments
Previous Article
Silhouetted people walk toward a towering glowing green digital dollar sign in a ruined urban street, with the word Quiz in large orange letters on the left.

Quiz: Media Arabic Booster 11/25

Next Article
Stylized, textured illustration of a bearded, red-cloaked Santa-like figure riding a camel loaded with wrapped gifts across rolling desert dunes beneath a crescent moon, with palm trees and geometric domed buildings in the background.

10 Unique Gifts for Arabic Learners: From Tatreez to Oud (2025 Guide)

โžค DIDN'T FIND WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR?

You may also like
Four blue fighter jets flying in a sky filled with clouds and an explosion with the word ENEMY in large red letters at the center.
Read More

Qatar Strike Fallout + Saudiโ€“Pakistan โ€œNuclear Deterrenceโ€ | Media Arabic Booster 09/25

In this Media Arabic Booster 09/25, we dissect Alโ€‘Masry Alโ€‘Youmโ€™s headline framing alโ€‘Sisiโ€™s warning language (including โ€œenemyโ€ / ุงู„ุนุฏูˆ), then translate a provocative Rai alโ€‘Youm opinion piece arguing a Saudiโ€“Pakistani deal could amount to โ€œnuclear deterrenceโ€ and reshape regional power talk.
Choose a social network
Choose a social network
Choose a social network
Choose a social network