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Egypt’s Economy & the Dawn of a New Middle East | Media Arabic Booster 05/25
The Middle East is currently undergoing a period of profound transformation, prompting many to ask if we are witnessing the dawn of a new era.
In our May 2025 Media Arabic Booster, we delve into the heart of these changes. We begin with an analysis of Egypt’s burgeoning foreign reserves, which have hit a record high amidst significant economic reforms. This positive economic indicator for Egypt is set against a backdrop of regional turbulence and shifting power dynamics.
Our feature article then explores the complex and pressing question: Are we on the threshold of a New Middle East? We examine the geopolitical currents, from the ongoing conflicts to the evolving roles of regional powers, providing you with the essential vocabulary and analysis to understand these critical developments.
Media Arabic Booster: 05/25 Show
A close look at a headline
Asharq Al-Awsat: Killing of two Israeli embassy workers
On May 21, 2025, two Israeli embassy staff members were shot and killed outside the Capital Jewish Museum in Washington D.C. The attack immediately drew international attention and condemnation.
The pan-Arab daily newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat (ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุฃูุณุท), which ran this front-page story on May 23, 2025, is a major international Arabic newspaper. It is headquartered in London, UK, and is owned by the Saudi Research and Media Group (SRMG), which has strong ties to the Saudi royal family.
Let’s focus on the headline:
ุฅุฏุงูุฉ ููยปูุฌูู ูุงุดูุทูยซโฆ ูุฑูุถ ูุชูุธููู
Condemnation of the “Washington attack”โฆ and rejection of its instrumentalization
ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูู ุญู ููุช ูุงุฏุฉ ุฃูุฑูุจููู ู ุณุคูููุฉ ยปุงูุชุญุฑูุถยซโฆ ููุฑูุณุง ุชุนุฏููุง ุชูู ุงู ยปุบูุฑ ู ุจุฑุฑุฉยซ
Israel holds European leaders responsible for “incitement”โฆ and France considers the accusations “unjustified”
al-Akhbar (Egypt): Currency and Foreign Reserves
On May 6, 2025, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi met with top economic officials to emphasize the importance of aligning fiscal and monetary policies as part of the nationโs broader economic reform efforts. During the meeting, he outlined key initiatives aimed at bolstering foreign exchange reserves, reducing national debt, and stimulating economic growth.
The state-owned newspaper Al-Akhbar (ุงูุฃุฎุจุงุฑ), which ran this story on its front page on May 7, 2025, is a prominent daily newspaper headquartered in Cairo. As part of the Akhbar el-Yom publishing house and managed by the National Press Authority of Egypt, it is recognized as a semi-official news source reflecting a pro-government stance.
Let’s focus on the headline:
ุฒูุงุฏุฉู ุงุญุชูุงุทููู ุงูููุฏู ุฃูุฃุฌูุจููู
Increase in foreign exchange reserves
ุงูุณูุณู: ุชุนุฒูุฒ ุงูุฌููุฏ ุงูุชูู ููุฉ ูุฎูุถู ุงูู ุฏููููุฉู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉู
El-Sisi: Enhancing development efforts and reducing external debt
Translation of an article
Letโs look at parts of a longer newspaper article in Arabic. We will translate each sentence carefully. The highlighted words are in the vocabulary list below.
A Note Before You Dive In
- This month’s article is quite comprehensive โ and that’s by design! Our goal is to move beyond basic news reports (which are often a piece of cake!) and equip you to tackle challenging Arabic opinion pieces. This is a significant step in your Arabic journey.
- To truly master these texts, it’s not enough to just ‘get the gist’. It requires a solid grasp of the vocabulary and, crucially, an understanding of why specific grammatical forms are used. Without this, achieving full comprehension can be difficult.
- We know it looks like a lot, but please don’t feel overwhelmed! We encourage you to approach this piece incrementally. Try working through just one or two paragraphs each day. Focus on understanding the vocabulary and the grammar in context. This steady approach will help you build confidence and truly master the material.
al-Quds al-Arabi: Are we on the threshold of a New Middle East?
On 16 May 2025, the Qatari-owned, London-based daily al-Quds al-Arabi (ุงููุฏุณ ุงูุนุฑุจู) published an opinion piece by Dr. Abd alโHamid Siyam – a prominent Palestinian academic and journalist.
In the article, the author speculates on dramatic shifts in U.S. foreign policy that have already begun to unfold early in President Donald Trump’s term. Among the unexpected developments he envisions are an unprecedented meeting between Trump and Abu Muhammad al-Jolani (a figure once targeted by the U.S. with a US$10 million bounty), direct negotiations with both Hamas and the Houthis, as well as bold moves to ease the RussianโUkrainian conflict and de-escalate tensions with China.
The author suggests that these startling initiatives might be part of a broader strategy – one that could pave the way for halting the Gaza war and advancing Palestinian statehood (even if it means postponing Saudi normalization with Israel) – and sees them as serving Trump’s ambition to claim a Nobel Peace Prize. At the same time, he warns that Trump’s notoriously rapid and unpredictable policy shifts call into question the long-term stability and reliability of such moves.
Dr. Abd alโHamid Siyam (ุนุจุฏ ุงูุญู ูุฏ ุตูุงู ) is a Palestinian academic, journalist, and political analyst whose work centers on Palestinian affairs, the ArabโIsraeli conflict, and broader Middle Eastern politics. He serves as a professor at Rutgers University in New Jersey and is affiliated with the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
Dr. Siyam completed his academic training with a B.A. in Arabic Language and Literature from the University of Jordan, an M.A. in International Relations from New York University, and a Ph.D. in International Relations from the City University of New York (CUNY).
Prior to joining Rutgers in 2007, Dr. Siyam amassed over 25 years of experience working with the United Nations in various roles in political affairs and information management. In parallel with his academic career, he has established himself as a prominent columnist for al-Quds al-Arabi and has worked as a correspondent and editor for several Arab media outlets, consistently offering insightful analysis on Middle Eastern and Palestinian issues.
Let’s now take a closer look at the entire article.
Section 1
ูุฃููุง ูุนูุด ุนุงูู ุง ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุ ูู ุง ูุงู ุบูุฑ ู ุชุฎูู ูุจู ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃุดูุฑ ูุฑุงู ุงูููู ุญูุงุฆู ุฃู ุงู ุนููููุง. ูู ู ูุงู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ยซุฃุจูู ุญู ุฏ ุงูุฌููุงููยปุ ุงูุฐู ูุถุนุช ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ุชุญุฏุฉ ุนุดุฑุฉ ู ูุงููู ุนูู ุฑุฃุณู ุญูุง ุฃู ู ูุชุงุ ููุชูู ุจุฑุฆูุณ ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฏููุงูุฏ ุชุฑุงู ุจุ ุงูุฐู ุฃุนูู ุฃู ุงู ูุงุนุฉ ู ูุชุธุฉ ุฑูุน ุงูุนููุจุงุช ุนู ุณูุฑูุงุ ููุงุจูู ุงูุญุถูุฑ ุจุงูุชุตููู ูุงููููู ูุฏูุงุฆูุ ู ุนุฌุจูู ุจูุฐู ุงูุฎุทูุฉ ุงูุฌุฑูุฆุฉ ุญูุซ ุงูุชููุช ู ุดุงุนุฑ ุงูุจูุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู ุฏู ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ุนุงูุช ู ู ุงูุญุตุงุฑ ุงูุทููู ูุงููุงุณู ูุงูุดุงู ู.
It’s as if we live in a fantasy world. What was unimaginable a few months ago, we see today as facts before our eyes. Who would have believed that “Abu Muhammad al-Julani”, on whose head the United States placed ten million [dollars], dead or alive, would meet with US President Donald Trump, who announced before a packed hall the lifting of sanctions on Syria? The audience met him with applause and stood for minutes, admiring this bold step, as feelings of joy spread to the Syrian cities that had suffered from the long, harsh, and comprehensive siege.
ู ู ูุงู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุงูุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุฃู ุฑููู ูุนูุฏ ุตููุฉ ู ุน ุงูุญูุซููู ูููู ุงููุชุงูุ ุชูุณุชุซูู ู ูู ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูู ูุชุณุชู ุฑ ุตูุงุฑูุฎ ุฃูุตุงุฑ ุงููู ุงููุฑุท ุตูุชูุฉ ุชููู ุฑ ุนูู ู ุทุงุฑ ุงููุฏ ูุชุบููู ุฃู ุงู ุงูู ูุงุญุฉ ุงูุฌููุฉุ ุฏูู ุฃู ูุซูุฑ ุฐูู ุฑุฏูุฏ ูุนู ูุงุณูุฉ ู ู ุญูููุฉ ุงูููุงู ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ุงูุชู ู ูููุช ุญุฑุจ ุงูุฅุจุงุฏุฉุ ููุฏู ุช ูู ูู ุฃููุงุน ุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ูุงูุฐุฎุงุฆุฑ ูุงูู ุนููู ุงุช ุงูุงุณุชุฎุจุงุฑุงุชูุฉ.
Who would have thought that the US President would make a deal with the Houthis to stop the fighting, from which Israel is excluded, while Ansar Allah’s hypersonic missiles continue to pour down on Lod Airport (see box below), closing it to air traffic, without this provoking harsh reactions from the entity’s primary ally, which funded the war of extermination and provided it with all kinds of weapons, ammunition, and intelligence information?
ู ู ูุงู ูุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ูู ุงูู ุฆุฉ ููู ุงูุฃููู ุชูุชุญ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุชุฑุงู ุจ ู ูุงูุถุงุช ู ุน ุฅูุฑุงู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุนูู ุงู ุญูู ุจุฑูุงู ุฌูุง ุงููููู. ูุงูุฃูุซุฑ ู ู ูุฐุง ูุฐุงูุ ู ู ูุงู ูุชุฎูู ุฃู ุงูุฑุฆูุณ ุงูุฃู ุฑูููุ ุงูุฐู ุญุฏุฏ ู ููุฉ ูุญุฑูุฉ ุญู ุงุณ ููุตุงุฆู ุงูู ูุงูู ุฉ ุงูููุณุทูููุฉ ูุฅุทูุงู ุฌู ูุน ุงูุฑูุงุฆู ุฏูู ููุฏ ุฃู ุดุฑุท ูุฅูุง ููููุชุธุฑูุง ูุชุญ ุฃุจูุงุจ ุฌููู ุ ุนุงุฏ ููุชุญ ูููุงุช ุงุชุตุงู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ู ุน ุญุฑูุฉ ุญู ุงุณุ ูุชูุตู ู ุนูู ุฅูู ุตููุฉ (ูุง ูุนุฑู ุชูุงุตูููุง) ุชุถู ูุช ุฅุทูุงู ุณุฑุงุญ ุงูุฌูุฏู ู ุฒุฏูุฌ ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ ุนูุฏุงู ุงููุณูุฏุฑุ ุฏูู ููุฏ ุฃู ุดุฑุทุ ุซู ุชุณุชู ุฑ ุงูุงุชุตุงูุงุช ุงูุชู ูุฏ ุชุณูุฑ ุนู ููู ุฅุทูุงู ูุงุฑ ูู ุบุฒุฉุ ูุฅุฏุฎุงู ุงูู ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุงูุฅูุณุงููุฉ.
Who would have thought that in the first hundred days, the Trump administration would open negotiations with Iran via Oman about its nuclear program? And more than that, who would have imagined that the US President, who had set a deadline for Hamas and the Palestinian resistance factions to release all hostages without preconditions, or else wait for the gates of hell to open, would return and open direct communication channels with Hamas, reaching a deal with them (the details of which we do not know) that included the unconditional release of the dual-nationality soldier Idan Alexander, without preconditions? Then contacts continue which might result in a ceasefire in Gaza and the entry of humanitarian aid.
Lod Airport (ู ุทุงุฑ ุงููุฏ): Understanding the Palestinian Name for Israel’s Main Gateway
When you hear Arabs and Palestinians mention Lod Airport or Lid Airport (ู ุทุงุฑ ุงููุฏ), they’re referring to Israel’s main international gateway, Ben Gurion Airport. This name points to the historic city of Lod (ุงููุฏ), where the airport now stands near Tel Aviv.
While Israel honors its first prime minister with the official name, using Lod Airport is a widespread choice in the Arab world. It’s a way to connect with the city’s original identity and consciously use a name other than the official Israeli one.
But this choice runs deeper, rooted in the Nakba (ุงูููุจุฉ) โ the 1948 catastrophe. Lod, then a major Palestinian city known as Lydda, was captured by Israeli forces, and most of its Arab residents were expelled. This event is a central trauma in Palestinian memory. Calling the airport Lod is thus an act of remembrance; it honors a history often overlooked and asserts a continued Palestinian connection to the site.
- Lod vs. Lydda: Lydda is the historical Greek (ฮฯฮดฮดฮฑ) and English name for the city, widely used in ancient times and during the British Mandate (1920-1948). The actual Arabic name for the same place is ุงููุฏ. While Lydda might be written phonetically in Arabic as ููุฏุง (Lฤซda), ุงููุฏ is the proper Arabic term.
- Arabic Pronunciation (ุงููุฏ): The classical form is al-Ludd (ุงูููููุฏู) (with a ‘u’ sound), noted by 13th-century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (ูุงููุช ุงูุญู ูู). However, the common Palestinian pronunciation is al-Lidd (ุงููููููุฏ) (with an ‘i’ sound), which is usually implied today.
- Hebrew Name: The city’s name in Hebrew is ืืื (“Lod”).
- Ben Gurion: David Ben-Gurion, 1886โ1973, was Israel’s first Prime Minister, after whom the airport was officially named in 1973.
Section 2
ุงูุชุทุจูุน ุงูุณุนูุฏู ู ุน ุงูููุงู ุงูุตููููู ูุฏ ูุง ูุฃุชู ูู ุฃูู ุงูุทุฑููุ ูุงูุตููุงุช ูุงููุฏุงูุง ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุณุจููุฉ ูุชุฑุงู ุจ ูุฏ ุชููู ุซู ูุง ูููู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุนูู ุบุฒุฉุ ูุงูุงูุชูุงู ุฅูู ุฎุทูุฉ ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจุงูุฏููุฉ ุงูููุณุทูููุฉ ูุงูุชูุฌู ูุญู ุชุฌุณูุฏูุง
Saudi normalization with the Zionist entity may not come at first (lit: at the beginning of the road). The unprecedented deals and gifts for Trump might be a price for stopping the war on Gaza, moving to the step of recognizing the Palestinian state, and heading towards its embodiment (realization).
ูุฐู ุงูุชุทูุฑุงุช ูุงูู ูุงุฌุขุช ูู ุชุดู ู ููุท ู ูุทูุฉ ุงูุดุฑู ุงูุฃูุณุทุ ุจู ุดู ูุช ุงูุนุงูู ู ู ุดุฑูู ุฅูู ุบุฑุจู. ูุฃูู ุชูู ุงูุชุทูุฑุงุช ุงูุณุนู ุงูุฌุงุฏ ูุฅููุงู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฑูุณูุฉ ุงูุฃููุฑุงููุฉุ ูุงูุถุบุท ุนูู ุงูุญููู ุฒููููุณููุ ูุชูุฏูู ุชูุงุฒูุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงูุชููู ุนู ุงูุญุฏูุซ ุนู ุดุจู ุฌุฒูุฑุฉ ุงููุฑู ุ ุงูุชู ุฃุตูุง ุชุนูุฏ ู ูููุชูุง ุฅูู ุฑูุณูุง. ูู ู ุงูุชุทูุฑุงุช ุงููุจุฑูุ ุงูุชุฎูู ุนู ุงููุฑูุฉ ุงููุฑุฏูุฉ ูุชู ููู ุชุฑููุง ู ู ุฅููุงู ู ูู ุงูุตุฑุงุน ุงูุทููู ู ุน ุงูุฃูุฑุงุฏุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ู ุน ุญุฒุจ ุงูุนู ุงู ุงููุฑุฏุณุชุงูู. ููุฏ ุชูุงููุช ุงูุขุฑุงุก ุจูู ุงูุนุฑุงู ูุชุฑููุง ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูู ููุ ูููุน ุงูุทุฑูุงู ุงุชูุงููุฉ ุดุงู ูุฉ ููู 13 ู ุงุฑุณ 2025.
These developments and surprises have not only included the Middle East region, but have spanned the world from its east to its west. The most important of these developments is the serious effort to stop the Russian-Ukrainian war and pressure ally Zelensky to make concessions, especially to stop talking about the Crimean peninsula, which originally belongs to Russia. Among the major developments is the abandonment of the Kurdish issue and enabling Turkey to close the long conflict file with the Kurds, especially with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). Opinions between Iraq and Turkey have aligned on this file, and the two parties signed a comprehensive agreement on March 13, 2025.
ูู ู ุงูุชุทูุฑุงุช ุงูุบุฑูุจุฉ ุฃู ูุณุชูุฌุฏ ูุงุฑุงูุฑุฏุง ู ูุฏู ุจุชุฑุงู ุจ ููุชูุณุท ูู ู ุน ุฑุฆูุณ ูุฒุฑุงุก ุจุงูุณุชุงู ูููู ุฅุทูุงู ุงููุงุฑุ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฅุฐูุงู ุงูุฐู ุชุนุฑุถ ูู ูููุฉ ุงูุณุจุช ุงูู ุงุถู ูู ุงูู ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูุฌููุฉ ุงูุญุงุณู ุฉุ ุงูุชู ุฎุณุฑุช ุงูููุฏ ูููุง ุฎู ุณ ุทุงุฆุฑุงุชุ ูุชู ุชุฏู ูุฑ ู ูุงูุน ุงูุตูุงุฑูุฎ ูู ุนุณูุฑุงุช ุฅุทูุงู ุงูุทุงุฆุฑุงุช ุงูู ุณูุฑุฉ. ูุจุงููุนู ุชูููุช ุงูุญุฑุจ ููุฑุง. ูุงูุฃูู ู ู ูุฐุง ูุฐุงู ูู ุงูุชูุฏุฆุฉ ู ุน ุงูุตููุ ููู ู ุคูุชุงุ ูุจุนุฏ ุฑูุน ุงูุชุนุฑููุงุช ุงูุฌู ุฑููุฉ ูู ุณุชููุงุช ุฎูุงููุฉ ุถุฏ ุงูุตูู ุชุฑุงุฌุน ูุฌูุณ ููุฏุงู ู ู ุงูุจูุฏูู ูู ุฌููู ููุฏุฑุณุง ุฅู ูุงููุฉ ุงูุณูุทุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูู ูุงุฌูุงุช ุงูุชุฌุงุฑูุฉุ ููุชุฎููุถ ุงูุชุนุฑููุงุช ุงูุฌู ุฑููุฉ ู ู 126 ูู ุงูู ุฆุฉ ู200 ูู ุงูู ุฆุฉ ุนูู ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช ู60 ูู ุงูู ุฆุฉ ุนูู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู ู ุงูู ุณุชูุฑุฏุงุช ุฅูู 10 ูู ุงูู ุฆุฉ. ุชุฑุงุฌุน ุชุฑุงู ุจ ูุซูุฑุง ุนู ู ูุงููู ุงูุฑุนูุงุก ุงูู ุชุนููุฉ ุจุงูู ุณููู ูููุฏุง ูุบุฑูููุงูุฏ ูุจูู ุง ูุบูุฑูุง. ููู ูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุจูู ุญุฐุฑูู ูุงูุฑุฌู ยซู ุง ุจูู ุบู ุถุฉ ุนูู ูุงูุชูุงุชูุงยป ูุจุฏู ู ูุงูููุ ุฏูู ุฃู ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุฃู ุฎุฌู ุฃู ุฎูู. ูู ูุฐู ุงูุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงูุชู ุงุชุฎุฐูุง ุชุฑุงู ุจ ูุจู ุฃู ููู ู ุดููุฑู ุงูุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุงูุฃููู. ูู ุง ุจุงูู ุจุจููุฉ ุงูู 44 ุดูุฑุง ุงูู ูุจูุฉุ
One of the strange developments is that Narendra Modi sought help from Trump to mediate a ceasefire with the Pakistani Prime Minister after the humiliation he suffered last Saturday night in the decisive air battle, in which India lost five aircraft, and missile sites and drone launching camps were destroyed. Indeed, the war stopped immediately. Even more important was the deescalation with China, albeit temporarily. After raising tariffs to astronomical levels against China, the two countries backed down, and delegations from the two countries met in Geneva to study the possibility of controlling trade confrontations and reducing tariffs from 126 percent and 200 percent on cars and 60 percent on many imports to 10 percent. Trump retreated significantly from his reckless positions concerning Mexico, Canada, Greenland, Panama, and others. But we must remain vigilant, for a man who “blinks” and shifts his positions without hesitation, shame, or fear. All these measures were taken by Trump before completing his first four months in office. So what about the remaining 44 months?
Section 3
ูุงูุช ุฃููู ุฒูุงุฑุงุชู ูู ุฏูุฑุชู ุงูุฃููู ุฏูู ุงูุฎููุฌุ ูุงุฎุชุงุฑ ุงูู ูุทูุฉ ููุณูุง ูุฃููู ุฒูุงุฑุงุชู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ุชุญุฏุฉ. ูู ุงูู ุฑุฉ ุงูุฃููู ูุงูุช ุฃุณุงุณุง ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุชุฌุฑูู ุฃู ูุงู ุงูุชูู ู ู ุงูุฑูุงุถ ุฅูู ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูู ููุถุน ุงููููุณูุฉ ุนูู ุฑุฃุณูุ ูุฐูุจ ูุฃุฏุงุก ุงูุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ุทููุจุฉ ูุงูู ูุฑูุถุฉ ุนูู ูู ุงูุฒุนู ุงุก.
His first visit during his first term was to the Gulf States, and he chose the same region for his first visit outside the United States. The first time, it was essentially a money-grubbing visit. He traveled from Riyadh to Israel, put on the skullcap on his head, and went on the required visit imposed on all leaders
ูุงูุช ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ุขูุฐุงู ูู ูุถุน ุตุนุจุ ูุงูุตุฑุงุน ุนูู ููุงูุฉ ุงูุนูุฏ ูุงูุช ู ุง ุฒุงูุช ูุงุฆู ุฉุ ูุงุนุชูุงู ุฃุบููุงุก ุงูุนุงุฆูุฉ ูุงูุช ู ุณุชู ุฑุฉุ ููุถุน ุงูู ุฑุฃุฉ ูู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ูุงู ู ุซุงุฑ ููุฏ ุนุงูู ู. ุงูุฎูุงูุงุช ุจูู ุฏูู ุงูุฎููุฌ ููุทุฑ ูุงูุช ุนูู ูุดู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ููู ููุถู ุงูุดูุฎ ุชู ูู ูุฏูู ุงูุฎููุฌ ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุชูุฏูู ุงูู ููุงุฑุงุช ูุชุฑุงู ุจุ ุขุซุฑ ุฃู ูุชุนุงู ู ู ุนู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ุฏูู ุงูู ุฑูุฑ ุจุงูู ุญุทุฉ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ. ุงูุชูุชุฑ ุจูู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ูุฅูุฑุงู ูุงู ูู ุฃูุฌู ูุนูุงูุงุช ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ู ุน ุงูุตูู ูุฑูุณูุง ูุงูุช ุบูุฑ ู ุณุชูุฑุฉ. ุฃู ุง ุงูุญุฑุจ ูู ุงููู ูุ ุงูุชู ุฏุฎูุชูุง ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ู ูุฐ ุนุงู 2015 ุงุณุชูุฑุช ููุนุง ู ุง ุจุนุฏ ูุจูู ุงูุทุฑููู ููู ุฅุทูุงู ุงููุงุฑ ูุฃูุซุฑ ู ูุฐ ุณูุชูู ูุฃุตุจุญุช ุงูู ูุงูุถุงุช ุจูู ุงูุทุฑููู ูู ุนูู ุงู ุชุชูุฏู ููู ุจุจุทุก. ุฅุฐู ุงูุฃูุถุงุน ุงูุขู ุชุบูุฑุช ููุตุงูุญ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ. ุนูุงูุชูุง ู ุน ุฅูุฑุงู ุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุน ุงูุตูู ูุฑูุณูุง. ูุงูุถู ุช ุฅูู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุจุฑููุณุ ูุทููุช ุตูุญุฉ ู ูุชู ุฎุงุดูุฌูุ ูุงูุชูู ุฏูุฑ ุงูุดุฑุทุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ูุฃุนุทูุช ุงูู ุฑุฃุฉ ุงููุซูุฑ ู ู ุงูุญููู.
Saudi Arabia at that time was in a difficult position. The struggle for the crown prince was still ongoing, the arrest of wealthy members of the family was ongoing, and the status of women in Saudi Arabia was the subject of international criticism. Disputes between the Gulf states and Qatar were on the verge of eruption, and Sheikh Tamim did not join the other Gulf states in offering billions to Trump, preferring to deal with him directly, bypassing the Saudi station. Tension between Saudi Arabia and Iran was at its peak, and Saudi relations with China and Russia were unstable. The war in Yemen, which Saudi Arabia has been involved in since 2015, has stabilized somewhat after both sides agreed to a ceasefire for more than two years, and negotiations between the two sides in Oman are progressing, albeit slowly. So, the situation has now changed, to Saudi Arabia’s favor. Its relations with Iran, China, and Russia are good. It has joined the BRICS group, the Khashoggi murder has been turned over, the role of the religious police has ended, and women have been granted many rights.
ู ุง ุชุฑูุฏู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ุฏุนู ุง ุฃู ุฑูููุง ูู ู ุฌุงู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ูุงูุฐูุงุก ุงูุตูุงุนู ูุงูููุฉ ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉุ ูุงูุฃูู ู ู ูุฐุง ูุฐุงู ู ุง ุชุฑูุฏู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ุจุฏุนู ูุทุฑูุ ุงุฎุชุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูุฌุจูุชูู ุงูููุณุทูููุฉุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ุญุฑุจ ุงูุฅุจุงุฏุฉ ูุนูู ุงูุฌุจูุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ูู ุฑูุน ุงูุนููุจุงุช ูุฅุนุทุงุก ุงูุจูุงุฏ ูุฑุตุฉ ูููููุถ. ููุฐุง ู ุง ูุฑู ู ุญู ุฏ ุจู ุณูู ุงู ุฃูู ูุงุฏุฑ ุนูู ุชุญูููู ู ู ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ุชุฑุงู ุจุ ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุซู ู ุตุฑุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู ู ุงูู ุงู ููุง ุจุฃุณ ูู ุฐูู.
What Saudi Arabia wants is American support in the field of new energy, artificial intelligence, and military power. More importantly, what Saudi Arabia wants, with Qatari support, is a breakthrough on both the Palestinian front, especially in the war of extermination, and on the Syrian front in lifting sanctions to give the country a chance to recover. This is what Mohammed bin Salman believes he can achieve with Trump’s visit, and if the price is a large bundle of money, then there is no harm in that (= that’s fine).
ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูุณูุฑูุง ููู ุจูุฏ ูู ุนูู ุงูุนุงุตูุฉ. ุงุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช ุฏุงุฎููุฉ ูุงุฎุชุฑุงูุงุช ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูููุฉ ู ุชูุงุตูุฉ ูุงูุชุตุงุฏ ุนูู ูุดู ุงูุงูููุงุฑ ูุนููุจุงุช ูุงุณูุฉ ุนุทูุช ูู ุฃููุงุน ุงูุชุนุงูู ูุนูู ู ุณุชููุงุช ุดุนุจูุฉ ูุฐูู. ููุงู ุฏููุฉ ุฎููุฌูุฉ ู ุฏุนูู ุฉ ู ู ุงูููุงู ุงูุตูููููุ ุชุดุฏ ุณูุฑูุง ูุญู ุงูุชุทุจูุน ุงูุนููู ู ุน ุงูููุงู ุงูุตููููู. ุชุฑููุงุ ุงูุฏููุฉ ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุชุฃุซูุฑุง ูู ุณูุฑูุง ูุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุชุฏุงุฎูุง ูู ุงูุดุฃู ุงูุณูุฑู ู ูุฐ 2011ุ ุชุฑูุฏ ูุณูุฑูุง ุฃู ุชููุฏ ุงููู ูุฐุฌ ุงูุชุฑููุ ูุฃู ุชุฏุฎู ูู ุงุชูุงููุงุช ุดุงู ูุฉ ู ุน ุชุฑููุง ุชุดู ู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏ ูุงูุฃู ู ูุงูุทุงูุฉ. ูุทุฑ ุชุฏุนู ูุฐุง ุงูุชูุฌู ุฏูู ุงูุฅุตุฑุงุฑ ุนูู ูุถูุฉ ุงูุชุทุจูุนุ ุจูุถุฉ ุงููุจุงู ุจูู ุงูู ุญูุฑูู ูู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ.
As for Syria, it is a country in the eye of the storm. Internal unrest, continuous Israeli incursions, an economy on the verge of collapse, and harsh sanctions have hindered all types of recovery, even at the popular level. There is a Gulf state, supported by the Zionist entity, pushing Syria towards public normalization with the Zionist entity. Turkey, the most influential country in Syria and the most involved in Syrian affairs since 2011, wants Syria to imitate the Turkish model and enter into comprehensive agreements with Turkey that include the economy, security, and energy. Qatar supports this approach without insisting on the issue of normalization. The counterbalance between the two axes is Saudi Arabia.
Section 4
ูุง ุนุฌุจ ุฅู ูุงูุช ุฃูู ุฒูุงุฑุฉ ููุดุฑุน ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุณูุฑูุง ููุณุนูุฏูุฉุ ููุฏ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉุ ูู ุง ูุจุฏูุ ุนูู ุนุงุชููุง ุฏุนู ุณูุฑูุง ูุฅุจุนุงุฏูุง ุฃูุซุฑ ุนู ุงูู ุญูุฑ ุงูุฅูุฑุงูู. ูุจูุฐู ุงูุตููุฉ ุงูุชู ุญููุชูุง ู ุน ุชุฑุงู ุจ ูุตุงูุญ ุณูุฑูุง ุชููู ุงูููุงุฏุฉ ุงูุณูุฑูุฉ ูุฏ ุฑุจุทุช ู ููููุง ุจู ููู ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ู ู ูุถูุฉ ุงูุชุทุจูุนุ ููุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ูุธุงู ุงูุดุฑุน ูู ูุทุจุน ู ุน ุฅุณุฑุงุฆููุ ุฅูุง ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ ุชููุฏ ุตู ุงูู ุทุจุนูู ุงูุฌุฏุฏ.
It is no wonder that the first visit of al-Sharaa outside Syria was to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia, it seems, has taken upon itself the support of Syria and distancing it further from the Iranian axis. With this deal it achieved with Trump in favor of Syria, the Syrian leadership has linked its position to Saudi Arabia’s position on the issue of normalization, and we believe that the Sharaa regime will not normalize relations with Israel, unless Saudi Arabia leads the ranks of new normalizers.
ุงูุชุทุจูุน ุงูุณุนูุฏู ู ุน ุงูููุงู ุงูุตููููู ูุฏ ูุง ูุฃุชู ูู ุฃูู ุงูุทุฑููุ ุจู ูู ุขุฎุฑูุงุ ูู ูุงุจู ุงูุตููุงุช ุงูุฎูุงููุฉ ูุงููุฏุงูุง ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุณุจููุฉ ู ู ุฏูู ุงูุฎููุฌ ูุชุฑุงู ุจ ูุฏ ูููู ุซู ูุง ูููู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุนูู ุบุฒุฉุ ูุงูุงูุชูุงู ุฅูู ุฎุทูุฉ ุงูุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจุงูุฏููุฉ ุงูููุณุทูููุฉ ูุงูุชูุฌู ูุญู ุชุฌุณูุฏูุง. ููุฐุง ู ุง ููุณุฑ ุงูุญูู ุงูุฐู ุฃุธูุฑู ูุชููุงูู ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุฃุนูู ุฑุณู ูุง ุฃู ููุงู ู ูุงูุถุงุช ุจูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู ุชุญุฏุฉ ูุญุฑูุฉ ุญู ุงุณ. ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุณููุงุฑูู ู ุคูุฏุ ุจุงูุทุจุน ูุง. ูููู ุงูู ุฏุฎู ุฅูู ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ููุจู ููุณูุงู ุ ุงูุชู ุชุญุชู ุฌุฒุกุง ู ู ุชูููุฑ ุชุฑุงู ุจ. ูุงูุฃููุฏ ุฃู ุงูุจูุงุจุฉ ุงูู ุฒุฏูุฌุฉ ูุชูู ุงูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ ุชูุน ูู ูููู ูุบุฒุฉ. ูุฅุฐุง ุฃููู ุงููุฒูู ุงูุฅูุณุงูู ุบูุฑ ุงูู ุณุจูู ูู ุบุฒุฉ ูุฃููู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุฑูุณูุฉ ุงูุฃููุฑุงููุฉ ูุฑุจู ุง ุจู ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ู ู ุฃุฑุฏูุบุงูุ ููุง ุดู ุฃู ุชุฑุงู ุจ ุณูุชูุฌ ู ุณูุฑุชู ุงูุฏุจููู ุงุณูุฉ ุจุงูุฌุงุฆุฒุฉ.
Saudi normalization with the Zionist entity might not come at the beginning of the process, but rather at the end. In exchange for the imaginary deals and unprecedented gifts from the Gulf states to Trump, it could be the price for stopping the war on Gaza, moving to the step of recognizing the Palestinian state, and heading towards its establishment. This explains the anger Netanyahu showed, especially after he officially announced that there were negotiations between the United States and Hamas. Is this scenario certain? Of course not. But it is the gateway to the Nobel Peace Prize, which occupies a large part of Trump’s mind. What is certain is that the double gateway to that prize lies in Kyiv and Gaza. If he stops the unprecedented humanitarian bloodshed in Gaza and halts the Russian-Ukrainian war, perhaps with help from Erdoฤan, then there is no doubt that Trump will crown his diplomatic career with the award.
ูุญู ูุง ูุซู ูู ุชุฑุงู ุจ ููููุง ูุนุชุจุฑู ุตุงุญุจ ุงููุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงูุดุฌุงุนุฉ ูุงูุขููุฉ ูุบูุฑ ุงูู ุชููุนุฉ ูุงูุชู ุชู ุฌุฏู ุดุฎุตูุงุ ุบุถุจ ู ู ุบุถุจ ูุฑุถู ู ู ุฑุถู. ููููุง ูุฎุดู ุฃู ยซุชุนูุฏ ุญููู ุฉ ุฅูู ุนุงุฏุชูุง ุงููุฏูู ุฉยป ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฎุฑูุฌ ู ู ู ูุทูุฉ ุงูุฎููุฌุ ููุนูุฏ ุฅูู ุนุดูู ุงูุฃุจุฏู ููููุงู ุงูุตููููู ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุฌุฑูู ุฃู ูุงู ุงูุนุฑุจ. ูุณูุฑู ูู ุฃู ุงุชุฌุงู ูุณูุฑ: ุดุฑูู ูู ุงูุฅุจุงุฏุฉ ูุณููู ุงูุฃููุฌ ุจุงูุฏูุ ุฃู ููุฏุณุฉ ุดุฑู ุฃูุณุท ุฌุฏูุฏ ูุงุฆู ุนูู ุงูุณูู ูุงูุงุฒุฏูุงุฑ ูุงูุชุนุงููุ ูุฅุบูุงู ู ูู ุงููุชู ุงูุฌู ุงุนู ูุงูุชุฏู ูุฑ ูุงูุฃุจุฑุซูุงูุฏ. ุณุชุจุฏู ููุง ุงูุฃูุงู ุงูู ูุจูุฉ ู ุง ูุฌููู ุงูุขู.
We do not trust Trump, but we consider him the author of courageous, immediate, and unexpected decisions that glorify him personally, let them get angry or be pleased as they may. But we fear that “Halima will return to her old habit” [see explanation below] after leaving the Gulf region, reverting to his eternal love for the Zionist entity after plundering Arab wealth. We will see which direction he will take: becoming a partner in genocide like his reckless predecessor, Biden? Or engineering a new Middle East based on peace, prosperity, and cooperation, and closing the file on mass murder, destruction, and apartheid? The coming days will reveal what we currently do not know.
About the proverb: “Halima has returned to her old habit” (ุนุงุฏูุชู ุญููููู ูุฉู ุฅูููู ุนุงุฏูุชููุง ุงูููุฏููู ูุฉู)
- The most famous story behind this proverb involves Halima, the wife of Hatim al-Ta’i (ุญุงุชู ุงูุทุงุฆู), a pre-Islamic Arab figure renowned for his extreme generosity.
- The story goes that Halima was, in contrast, very stingy. She tried to be generous like her husband, but her innate stinginess would always resurface. In one version, when putting ghee (clarified butter) into food, she tried to use a large spoon but instinctively shrunk back to using a small one, at which point someone remarked, “Halima has returned to her old habit.”
- What does the quote mean? The idiom ุนุงุฏุช ุญููู ุฉ ุฅูู ุนุงุฏุชูุง ุงููุฏูู ุฉ (Halima has returned to her old habit) is used to describe someone who reverts to their original nature or bad habits, especially after a period of trying (or appearing) to have changed for the better.
- In the context of the article, the writer is expressing fear that despite any positive (from the writer’s perspective) actions Trump might take, he will inevitably revert to his “old habit,” which the writer identifies as uncritical support for Israel (“his eternal love for the Zionist entity”) once he has achieved his financial goals (“after plundering Arab wealth”). It implies a fundamental, unchangeable aspect of someone’s character.
Vocabulary list
If you are unfamiliar with the verb system used in the Hans Wehr dictionary (Roman numerals, I-X), click here for a short and simplified overview. To avoid confusion, we generally ignore auxiliary vowels that are necessary for pronunciation to avoid consonant clusters.
Part 1: Analysis of a headline
The following vocabulary list covers the yellow-marked words we saw in the headlines.
| ARABIC | EXPLANATION |
|---|---|
| ุฅูุฏุงููุฉู | condemnation of, conviction for. Verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the IV-verb ุฃูุฏุงูู – ููุฏูููู (to condemn, to convict). Root: ุฏ-ู-ู. For example: There was widespread condemnation of the attack (ูุงููุชู ูููุงูู ุฅูุฏุงููุฉู ูุงุณูุนูุฉู ููููููุฌููู ู). Guilty verdict (ุงููุญูููู ู ุจูุงููุฅูุฏุงููุฉู). See MAB 11-23 |
| ุชูููุธูููู | employment, hiring; utilization, investment; application. Verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the II-verb ููุธูููู – ููููุธูููู (to employ, hire; to utilize, invest). For example: A refusal to politicize the attack (ุฑูููุถู ููุชูููุธูููู ุงููููุฌููู ู). |
| ุญูู ูููู – ููุญูู ูููู | to load, burden; to upload. II-verb. The verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู) is ุชูุญูู ูููู. For example: To load a ship (ุญูู ูููู ุณูููููุฉู). To give someone the responsibility (ุญูู ูููู ุดูุฎูุตูุง ุงููู ูุณูุคูููููููุฉู). He held the other party responsible (ุญูู ูููู ุงูุทููุฑููู ุงููุขุฎูุฑู ุงููู ูุณูุคูููููููุฉู). To upload a file (ุญูู ูููู ู ููููููุง). See MAB 03-25. |
| ุชูุญูุฑููุถู ุนูููู | incitement, instigation, provocation (to = ุนูููู). It is the verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the II-verb ุญูุฑููุถู – ููุญูุฑููุถู ุนูููู (to incite, instigate). For example: He was accused of incitement to violence (ุงุชููููู ู ุจูุงูุชููุญูุฑููุถู ุนูููู ุงููุนููููู). Incitement to commit murder (ุฌูุฑููู ูุฉู ุงูุชููุญูุฑููุถู ุนูููู ุงููููุชููู) |
| ุชูุนูุฏูู (ุงูุชููุนูุฏููู) pl:ุชูุนูุฏูููุงุชู ุนูููู | transgression, infringement, violation, assault, encroachment. Root: ุน-ุฏ-ู. Verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the V-verb ุชูุนูุฏููู – ููุชูุนูุฏููู (ุนูููู) (to transgress, infringe upon). For example: This constitutes a violation of international law (ููฐุฐุง ููุดูููููู ุชูุนูุฏููููุง ุนูููู ุงูููุงูููู ุงูุฏููููููููู). |
| ุชูููู
ูุฉู pl: ุชูููู ู | accusation, charge. Root: ู-ู-ู
. It is the noun of the infinitive (ุงูุณูู
ู ุงููู
ูุตูุฏูุฑู) of the root ู-ู-ู
. We use the ุงุณู
ุงูู
ุตุฏุฑ if we want to emphasize the result rather than the action. Roots with a weak letter as the first radical are always tricky. Note that the word ุชูููู
ูุฉู was originally ููููู
ูุฉู,derived from ููููู
ู (suspicion). For example: He faces several charges, including incitement (ูููุงุญููู ุนูุฏููุฉู ุชูููู ูุ ู ููููุง ุงูุชููุญูุฑููุถู). He was arrested on suspicion of robbery (ููุจูุถู ุนููููููู ุจูุชูููู ุฉู ุงูุณููุฑููุฉู). To deny the accusation (ุฃูููููุฑู – ููููููุฑู ุงูุชููููู ุฉู). Watch out: Some people use ุจูููุชุงูู and ุชูููู ูุฉู interchangeably, there’s a crucial difference: * ุจูููุชุงูู is a slander or a lie that the speaker knows is false. It’s often outrageous and shocking. * ุชูููู ูุฉู is an accusation or charge that stems from suspicion (ูุงูุธูููู). The speaker doesn’t necessarily know it’s false; they are acting on suspicion. |
| ู
ูุจูุฑููุฑู pl: ู ูุจูุฑููุฑุงุชู | justification, reason, excuse, rationale. Active participle (ุงูุณูู ู ุงูููุงุนููู) of the II-verb ุจูุฑููุฑู – ููุจูุฑููุฑู (to justify). For example: There is no justification for such actions (ููููุณู ูููุงูู ู ูุจูุฑููุฑู ููู ูุซููู ููฐุฐููู ุงููุฃูุนูู ุงูู). Unjustifiable (ูุง ู ูุจูุฑููุฑู ูููู) |
| ุงูุญูุชููุงุทูููู pl: ุงูุญูุชููุงุทูููุงุชู | reserve, standby, precautionary (adj.); reserve(s) (noun). It is a Nisba noun/relative adjective (ููุณูุจูุฉู), derived from ุงูุญูุชููุงุทู, the verbal noun of the VIII-verb ุงูุญูุชุงุทู – ููุญูุชุงุทู (to take precautions). Root: ุญ-ู-ุท. For example: Foreign currency reserves (ุงูุญูุชููุงุทูููู ุงููููููุฏู ุงููุฃูุฌูููุจูููู). Oil reserves (ุงูุญูุชููุงุทูููู ุงูููููุทู). |
| ููููุฏู pl: ูููููุฏู | cash, money, currency; criticism. The context determines the meaning. For example: Foreign currency (ุงููููููุฏู ุงููุฃูุฌูููุจูููู). Good review (ููููุฏู ุฅููุฌุงุจูููู). Bad review (ููููุฏู ุณูููุจูููู) |
| ุชูููู ูููููู | developmental; growth-related. Relative adjective (ููุณูุจูุฉู). Root: ู-ู -ู. Derived from ุชูููู ูููุฉู, the verbal noun of the II-verb ููู ููู – ููููู ููู (to develop, make grow). For example: Development efforts (ุงููุฌููููุฏู ุงูุชููููู ููููููุฉู). Development project (ู ูุดูุฑููุนู ุชูููู ูููููู). |
| ู ูุฏูููููููููุฉู | indebtedness, debt. Artificial verbal noun (ู ูุตูุฏูุฑู ุตููุงุนูููู) of the root ุฏ-ู-ู. For example: Reducing external debt (ุฎูููุถู ุงููู ูุฏูููููููููุฉู ุงููุฎุงุฑูุฌููููุฉู). You can find more details in the box below. |
Did you know? Which is correct for “indebted”: ู ูุฏูููู or ู ูุฏูููููู?
Have you ever wondered whether to use ู ูุฏูููู or ู ูุฏูููููู when referring to someone in debt? Both words are the passive participle (ุงูุณูู ู ุงููู ูููุนูููู) derived from the verb ุฏูุงูู โ ููุฏูููู (to be indebted). For most triliteral verbs in Arabic the standard pattern is ู ูููุนูููู.
However, ุฏูุงูู is a hollow verb (ููุนููู ุฃูุฌููููู) in which the middle radical is a weak letter (ู). Such verbs often undergo a vowel modification (ุฅูุนูููุงูู). For example, the verb ุจูุงุนู (to sell) yields the modified form ู ูุจููุนู rather than the unaltered ู ูุจููููุนู. In the case of ุฏูุงูู, applying this process produces ู ูุฏูููู, which grammarians consider the more elegant (ููุตููุญู) or classical form.
On the other hand, ู ูุฏูููููู represents the original, unmodified pattern – essentially the ุงูุณูู ู ุงููู ูููุนูููู before any ุฅูุนูููุงูู is applied. Historical evidence shows that this form was favored by some ancient Arab tribes, notably members of the Tamim (ููุจููููุฉู ุชูู ููู ู), and it remains widely used among the general public (ุงู1ุนูุงู ููุฉู) today.
Thus, while both forms are correct, they carry slightly different stylistic and historical nuances:
- ู ูุฏูููู is the refined eloquent classical form (ููุตููุญู) resulting from vowel modification.
- ู ูุฏูููููู retains its original form and pattern (ุตูุญููุญู) with deep historical roots.
- Both words mean indebted.
Part 2: Translation of an article
We will now conduct a detailed analysis of all the highlighted terms from the preceding article
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Media Arabic Booster 05-25
All the Arabic words from Media Arabic Booster, episode 05-25.
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Driรner, G. (2025, May 31). Egypt’s Economy & the Dawn of a New Middle East | Media Arabic Booster 05/25. Arabic for Nerds. https://arabic-for-nerds.com/learners-corner/media-arabic-booster/media-arabic-booster-05-25/
Published: May 31, 2025
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Publication ISSN: 3055-1730
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