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Why Allahu Akbar translations can be misleading

Does Allahu Akbar mean “God is great” or “God is greater” or “God is the Greatest”? There is no clear answer. There even might be an underlying ellipsis.

Last updated 3 months ago.

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Although Muslims say this sentence every day many times, it is not easy to translate “Allฤhu ‘akbar!” (ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃูƒุจุฑ).

Let’s see why.

The word ุฃูƒุจุฑ

The word ‘akbar (ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑ) is the so-called . In Semitic linguistics, the elative (ุงูุณู’ู…ู ุชูŽูู’ุถููŠู„ูโ€Ž) – noun of preference – is a stage of gradation in Arabic that can be used both for a comparative or superlative in Arabic. Thus, it denotes greater or greatest.

Why is the translation of akbar ambiguous?

If you want to say Allah is great, you cannot use a comparative, but ‘akbar (ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑ) is grammatically speaking a comยญparative. Why?

If you wish to say: Allah is the greatest, you need a defยญinite article in Arabic, which means it should be: Allฤhu al-‘Akbar(ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู’ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑ). Notice that the word Allah is definite in Arabic and already means the God.

Some scholars suggested that ‘akbar (ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑ) has the meaning of the Arabic word kabฤซr (ูƒูŽุจููŠุฑ) which means great. Thus, the sentence Allฤhu ‘akbar could mean: Allah is great. Edward Lane, an expert on the Arabic language (19th century) said that this explanation is of weak authority.

Allahu akbar: What the majority says

According to the majority of scholars, the phrase Allฤhu ‘akbar is elliptical and means:

  • God is the greatest great (being).
  • Or: Allah is greater than every other great (being).
  • Or: Greater than such as that one knows the measure of His majesty.

Thus, it may be rendered as:
Allah is most great
meaning: greater than any other being

It is considered as elliptical because it is necessary that ‘akbar (ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑ) should have the definite article al– (ุงู„) in Arabic.

If it is used without the definite article, it must be followed by:

  • the Arabic preposition min (ู…ูู†): Allฤhu ‘akbaru min (ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุฃูŽูƒู’ุจูŽุฑู ู…ูู†) – which would express a comparative meaning: God is greater than…
  • or – theoretically – a noun in the genitive (ู…ูŽุฌู’ุฑููˆุฑ) case which would produce a so called ‘Idฤfa (ุฅูุถุงูุฉ). It would then express the meaning of Allah is the Greatest ofโ€ฆ Some Muslims, on the other hand, came to the conclusion that the second part of such a construction is elided on purpose. The blank spot stands for everything. In the meaning of Allah is the greatest of… the biggest of… the wisest of…

What is the best way to translate Allahu akbar?

  • In English, most non-Muslims will say Allah is great. Also, newsยญpapers like The Guardian or The New York Times usually write “God is great”. The same is true in : “Gott ist groรŸ”.
  • This isn’t wrong, but Muslims will say that it is “greater than just great”. English readers, however, will find it difficult to read “Allah is greater” as they ask โ€“ okay, but greater than what?
  • Allah is the greatest could be a solution, but the newspaper might receive some letters from linguists saying that this doesn’t really work grammatically.
  • For Muslims, there is no problem. Muslims will stick to the Arabic version “Allฤhu ‘akbar” anyway โ€“ in any language.

This is what we have published recently about Islam and the Holy Qu’ran:

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Jonathan Dube
Jonathan Dube
7 years ago

There are many grammatical errors here. The phrase “Allahu akbar” is neither an idafa (the X of Y) nor an ellipsis (X, the Y) but a nominal phrase, where Allah is the “mubtadaโ€™” (subject) and “akbar” the khabar (predicate). Hence, X is Y. Akbar is not a comparative unless followed by “min” (than). For instance, “Allahu akbar min-kum” = God is greater than y’all. But as you rightly mention at the beginning of the article, the form “akbar”, like “akmal”, most perfect, or “amjad”, most glorious, is used for both the comparative and the superlative. Akbar here is not a comparative, as you state. But the alternative is not mentioned: it is a superlative. As a superlative, akbar does not require “min” (than) something. Hence, the (literal) meaning is “God is greatest (or most great).”

Uncle Samir
Uncle Samir
7 years ago

I greatly appreciate your your bringing some clarity to the meaning of this common expression. I think to properly convey the meaning I English to non-Muslims a sentence like the following is needed :The One true God is greater than all that is considered great. Perhaps best and more simply expressed in the translation of God is The Greatest or my choice going forward God Almighty, is The Greatest!

Abdussalam bin Abdillah
Abdussalam bin Abdillah
8 years ago

Mit Interesse habe ich auf Ihrem Blog den Artikel zur o.g. Frage gelesen. Meiner Ansicht ist es eindeutig, dass hier der Komparativ als Deutung dem Superlativ vorzuziehen ist, und zwar schlicht und einfach, weil er in diesem Satz die Bedeutung des Superlativs einschlieรŸt und transzendiert.

Es ist nicht zu vergessen, dass das klassische Arabisch des Korans (und der frรผhen islamischen Texte) im Verhรคltnis zum Deutschen besonders, aber auch zu westlichen Sprachen im allgemeinen eine “schweigsame” Sprache ist, mit einem groรŸen Hang zur Sparsamkeit bei Adverbien insbesonders. Die beste deutsche รœbersetzung fรผr “Allah akbar” lautete m.E. “Allah ist je grรถรŸer”. Als was? wรคre zu fragen – als jedes Wesen oder Ding auรŸer ihm, als aber auch jedes konkrete, zur Frage stehende. Damit auch als jede Vorstellung, die wir Menschen von IHM (swt), mit Hilfe unserer Mรถglichkeiten von ihm fassen kรถnnten.

D.h. der Satz “Allahu akbar” enthรคlt gerade in der Deutung von “akbar” als Komparativ die Aussage der Transzendenz des Schรถpfers (swt), die in der simplifizierenden รœbersetzung als Superlativ verschwรคnde, und damit auch die Bedeutung, dass Allah (swt) (und zwar im Positiven!) je ANDERS ist, als wir kleinen Menschen uns das i.d.R. denken. Insbesondere ist damit die Aussage { Lรข tudrikuhรป_l-absยฐรขru wa-huwa yudriku_l-absยฐรขr(a) } der ร‚yah Al-An’รขm 103 in “Allahu akbar” enthalten.

Weiterhin wird damit eine Sunnah verstรคndlicher, nรคmlich in Augenblicken des kleinen oder groรŸen Erfolgs, aber aber eines regelrechten Sieges, den Takbรฎr zu sprechen: Wer einen Berg oder sein Pferd oder Auto bestiegen hat, erinnert sich mit “Allahu akbar” daran, dass Allah (swt) eben je grรถรŸer ist und ihm, dem Geschรถpf, diese Gnaden erst ermรถglicht hat. Noch mehr im Sieg รผber den Widersacher. Leider wird dieser Ausdruck der Bescheidenheit und Einkehr (passend zur Gesamtaussage der Surah “An-Nasr”) im heutigen idiotischen Takbir-Gebrรผlle von seiten vieler Knallkopf-Islamisten nicht nur als solcher verkannt, sondern in ein unangemessen triumphierendes Gegenteil verwandelt, zumindest der Absicht und dem Ton nach.

Nicht zuletzt ist damit auch die volkstรผmliche Verwendung des “Allรขhu akbaru 3alayhim” besser zu verstehen: Egal wie mรคchtig ein Unterdrรผcker sein mag, Allah (swt) ist je mรคchtiger und wird hier durch einen Takbir auch bittend angerufen.
Diese Liste lieรŸe sich m.E. sehr lange fortsetzen, insofern der Takbir eben eine besondere Form des Tawhรฎd ist. Die Allgemeinheit seiner Aussage litte aber unter der Einschrรคnkung der Bedeutung von “akbar” auf jene des Superlativs, oder wรคre nur unter grรถรŸeren Erklรคrungsbemรผhungen zu erreichen, insofern spricht m.E. allein die (auch als Ockhamsches Messer) bekannte erkenntnistheoretische Regel des Sparsamkeitsprinzips fรผr die รœbersetzung als Komparativ, eben mit dem o.g. Zusatz “je”.

Abdussalam bin Abdillah

Roger Damais
Roger Damais
8 years ago

Thanks for your information post.

I would say, that if the actions and conduct of Islamic fundamentalists are any guide, the INTENDED meaning is clearly “greater” (than you, your god(s) and all your works).

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