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According to the story, Sibawayhi (سيبويه), the famous grammarian from Basra, was challenged by his rival from Kūfa, al-Kisā’i (الْكِسائِي), to pronounce himself on an abstruse question.
It is mainly about the correct usage of a pronoun and later became famous as the Question of the Wasp (المسألة الزنبورية or مسألة الزنبور).
So let’s take a look at what perhaps the most famous grammar dispute of all time was about.
What is the “question of the wasp”?
If you say the following sentence in Arabic, should you use both pronouns in the nominative case (هُوَ and هِيَ) or do you use the second pronoun in the accusative case (هُوَ and إِيّاها)?
كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنَّ الْعَقْرَبَ أَشَدُّ لَسْعَةً مِن الزُّنْبُورِ فَإِذا هُوَ هِيَ
كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنَّ الْعَقْرَبَ أَشَدُّ لَسْعَةً مِن الزُّنْبُورِ فَإِذا هُوَ إِيّاها
The sentence means:
I used to think that the sting of a scorpion was more intense than that of a wasp, but [I discovered that] it was the same.
The following translation clarifies what the pronouns refer to: I used to think that the scorpion was more vehement in stinging than the hornet, and lo, he is (as vehement as) she.
Sībawayhi said that هُوَ هِيَ was correct. Al-Kisa’i said the opposite.
Sībawayhi | هِيَ must be in the nominative (مَرْفُوعٌ) | فَإِذا هُوَ هِيَ |
Al-Kisā’i | إِيّاها must be in the accusative (مَنْصُوبٌ) | فَإِذا هُوَ إِيّاها |
A similar question in English would be whether it is she or it is her should be correct.
In other words, whether the word in question should be nominative, i.e., in the independent case (رَفْع), or accusative, i.e., in the dependent case (نَصْب).
What Sibawayhi proposed
Now let’s break down the last part and determine the parts of the sentence. Here is Sibawayhi’s result:
Conjunction (حَرْفُ عَطْفٍ). It does not have a place in إِعْرابٌ. | ف |
Particle of surprise (حَرْفُ مُفَاجَأةٍ). It does not have a place in إِعْرابٌ. | إِذا |
Personal pronoun (ضَمِيرٌ مُنْفَصِلٌ) which relates to scorpion. It is the subject (مُبْتَدَأٌ) of the nominal sentence (جُمْلةٌ اِسْمِيّةٌ). Although not visible due to the cemented, indeclinable shape, هُوَ is located in the position of a nominative (فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ) since it is the subject. | هُوَ |
Personal pronoun (ضَمِيرٌ مُنْفَصِلٌ); serves as the predicate (خَبَرٌ). It has a fixed, indeclinable shape (مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْفَتْحِ), so we can’t visibly mark the case. Nevertheless, the word occupies the position of a nominative case (فِي مَحَلِّ رَفْعٍ) since it is the predicate. | هِيَ |
What al-Kisa’i proposed
Al-Kisa’i agreed to everything we’ve said so far and thus also to Sibawaiyhi’s analysis – except for the last word (إِيّاها). How can we explain إِيّاها? There are two ways to handle إِيّاها.
Option 1:
إِيّاها is a personal pronoun (ضَمِير مُنْفَصِل) which serves as the DIRECT OBJECT (مَفْعُول بِهِ), so it is located in the position of an accusative case (فِي مَحَلّ نَصْب).
But how can it be the direct object, since there is apparently no verb in the sentence?
He assumed that there was a verb, but it was deleted (مَحْذُوف) and is still implicitly understood. It could have been the verb to be equivalent to (يُساوِيها). Therefore, we apply the rules of a verbal sentence (جُمْلة>فِعْلِيّة).
Now it is getting even more complicated. Although many people say that إِيّاها is the accusative case of هِيَ, this is not entirely correct.إِيّاها has a fixed shape and has to end with a سُكُون on the Aleph in any case as the Aleph can’t carry any other sign. It always must be اْ . Therefore, we have to be more precise and say that إِيّاها is placed in the position of an accusative (فِي <مَحَلّ نَصْب).
We still have to solve one thing: Where is the predicate (خَبَرْ) for the subject (مُبْتَدَأ), i.e., هُوَ, of the primary (nominal) sentence? Sībawayhi said that it is هِيَ. Following option 1, however, it is the entire verbal sentence (with the estimated, deleted verb).
It is actually pretty common that an entire sentence serves as the خَبَرْ. In such a situation, we assign a place value and say that the sentence occupies the position of a nominative case (فِي مَحَلّ رَفْع) because the rule says that the predicate has to be in the nominative case. That’s all pretty confusing, but it is a way to justify why you see the personal pronoun in the accusative case.
Option 2:
The personal pronoun إِيّاها is the PREDICATE of the deleted verb (خَبَر كانَ الْمَحْذُوفة مِع اِسْمها). The rules say that the predicate of كانَ has to be مَنْصُوب<, so we arrive at إِيّاها.
We already said that هُوَ is the subject of the primary nominal sentence. This subject also needs a predicate. So, where is here? The predicate is represented by كانَ, including its two governed factors (وَمَعْمُولَيْها). They altogether serve as the predicate of the nominal sentence and altogether fill the position of a nominative (فِي مَحَلّ رَفْع).
Back then, public debates about grammar were a form of entertainment in which the goal was not so much to establish a truth as to defeat an opponent in front of an audience. Sībawayhi was convinced that an accusative (مَنْصُوب), which would be إِيّاها, can’t be the predicate of a nominal sentence.
Suddenly, his rival, al-Kisā’i, presented four Bedouins who were pretending to have just happened to be waiting at the door. They announced that a true Bedouin would only say إِيّاها.
What happened after the dispute?
Sībawayhi left Baghdad and went to Shiraz in Persia where he soon died of anger and grief at the result of the debate, consoled by a payment of 10,000 dirhams solicited for him by al-Kisāʾī, as legend has it. Others say that he died from illness. He passed away in 796 (180 AH), perhaps at the age of forty.
Followers of the Basra school claim that al-Kisā’i had bribed them before to support his answer. Followers of the Kūfa school reject this and say that it would be an insult to throw such allegations on al-Kisā’i’s name. In the end, all four Bedouins testified that هُوَ إِيّاها was correct. Sībawayhi, it seemed, was wrong.
The dispute was typical for the discussions at that time because it dealt with “what can be said” and “what can’t be said” in Arabic. Sībawayhi was being judged on this ability to speak correctly and not on the logic of his analysis. If one made a mistake, it simply meant that he didn’t say it in the way the Bedouins speak.
Translation attempts
Note: The translation of the last part of the famous sentence is tricky. It is not clear which words the feminine pronouns, in fact, relate to. Several translators came to different results.
Slane (1842-1871) | and behold! It was so. |
Blau (1963) | and behold, the one is (like) the other. |
Carter (2004) | and sure enough it is.(Cart. relates هِيَ/إِيّاهَا to لَسْعة) |
Ramzi Baalbaki (2014) | but [I discovered that] it was the same. |
Versteegh (2014) | but it was the other way round. |
Lutz Edzard (2016) | (however,) the former is (like) the latter. |
In my mother tongue (German), I would say: Ich glaubte, der Skorpion stäche heftiger als die Hornisse/Wespe, und siehe, sie ist (in dieser Beziehung wie) er.
A more detailed in-depth analysis is found in the book Arabic for Nerds 2.
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العربية والإنجليزية لغتان مختلفتان تمامًا. هذا الموقع مخصص لغير الناطقين باللغة العربية.
ليش بتعملوا مواقع عن العربي مش بالعربي؟ ما فهمت.
Zenah Mattar العربية والإنجليزية لغتان مختلفتان تمامًا. هذا الموقع مخصص لغير الناطقين باللغة العربية.
What is Arabic grammar based on nowadays and how does it get updated?
Hi Manuel, that is huuuuge topic. Short answer: the core is classical Arabic. But there were many updates and patches – which is why we ended up with Modern Standard Arabic. The “Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo”, for example, develops and regulates the Arabic language in Egypt. Many things which are now considered to be correct are “imports” from other languages, especially, when you look at the sentence structure. It is much more common now to use an “English” “subject plus verb plus object” order. And many of the fine-tunes of Classial Arabic, such as emphasis, are gone. One example which is now considered to be correct is “kull aam wanta bikheyr”. You find more information about that in this article: https://www.arabic-for-nerds.com/kull-aam-kull-sana/