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World War II

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World War II (ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ): A global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world’s nations. It was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by significant events such as the Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the extensive use of tanks and aircraft. The war began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. The aftermath of World War II led to the establishment of the United Nations and set the stage for the Cold War.

A glowing padlock outlined with mathematical equations, set against a dark background, with a keyhole emitting a bright light from within.
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Al-Kindi: The pioneer of cryptology

One of the greatest Arab scholars, al-Kindiย (ุงู„ู’ูƒูู†ู’ุฏููŠ), was one of the pioneers of cryptology. How did he manage to decrypt messages?